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Articles

Mouvement/Occupation/Debout: the Situationist International and their legacy of protest

Pages 165-178 | Published online: 31 Jan 2018
 

Abstract

In June 1958, the Danish artist Asger Jorn—writing in the first issue of the journal Internationale situationniste—described a race between ‘free artists’ and the police for control of what he called ‘nouvelles techniques de conditionnement’. This article traces an extended conception of the police in the Situationist International’s writings with reference to Jacques Rancière’s later influential theorisation of the ‘police order’ to examine the conceptual stakes of two protest movements: the ‘events’ of May–June 1968 and the 2016 Nuit Debout phenomenon in France. For Jorn, the outcome of this contest, in which he states that the police have a considerable headstart, will determine whether passionate, liberatory environments can emerge, or whether what he calls the old world of oppression and horror, one that is ‘scientifiquement contrôlable’ and ‘sans brèche’, will endure. The Situationists’ preferred designation for the events of Mai—in which they took part and to which they would dedicate a book and a journal issue—‘le mouvement des occupations’, unites two conceptual opposites in a manner which can elucidate an understanding of how Nuit Debout’s ‘convergence des luttes’ largely failed.

Résumé

En juin 1958, l’artiste danois Asger Jorn a décrit – dans un article publié dans le premier numéro de la revue Internationale situationniste – une course de vitesse entre les ‘artistes libres’ et la police pour le contrôle de ce qu’il a appelé ‘les nouvelles techniques de conditionnement’. Cet article retrace une conception étendue de la police dans les écrits de l’internationale situationniste en articulant l’analyse avec la théorisation de ‘l’ordre policier’ développée par Jacques Rancière, afin d’examiner les enjeux conceptuels de deux mouvements de contestation : les ‘évènements’ de mai ’68 et le phénomène de Nuit Debout en France en 2016. Selon Jorn, le résultat de cette course, dans laquelle il remarque que la police a un avantage considérable, déterminera si des environnements passionnants et libérateurs peuvent se produire ou si ce qu’il appelle le ‘vieux monde d’oppression et d’horreur’, un monde ‘scientifiquement contrôlable’ et ‘sans brèche’, en sortira renforcé. La désignation préférée des situationnistes relative aux évènements de mai – auxquels ils ont assisté et auxquels ils ont consacré un livre et un numéro de leur revue – ‘le mouvement des occupations’, réunit deux contraires conceptuels d’une manière qui permet de comprendre l’échec de ‘la convergence des luttes’ de Nuit Debout.

Notes

1. During April 2016, Le Nouvel Obs published two pieces directly comparing the two: ‘Comme Mai ’68, “Nuit Debout” renouvelle le militantisme de gauche’ and ‘De Mai ’68 à Mai 2016 ?’; Marianne questioned whether the movement was not in fact ‘l’anti-mai ’68’ while Le Figaro described the movement as ‘le triste Mai ’68’; Le Parisien speculated in May 2016 as to whether Nuit Debout would provoke a new Mai, with the political scientist Thomas Guénolé arguing that ‘La mécanique est la même. D’abord, une mobilisation de jeunes et d’étudiants, sans programme précis mais très politisés, arborant des slogans antisystème de gauche. Ensuite, une tentative de susciter une convergence avec les syndicats ouvriers. Enfin, l’objectif stratégique est clairement la grève générale. La volonté du noyau dur des militants de 2016 de reproduire Mai ’68 est donc manifeste.’ This list is by no means exhaustive but testifies to the range and ubiquity of such comparisons.

2. For more on Debord and the Situationists in general, see Plant (Citation1992), Jappe (Citation1999), Dumontier (Citation1995), Wark (Citation2011) and Marcolini (Citation2012).

3. Debord’s Internationale Lettriste, a 1950s’ forerunner to the SI—which formed after breaking from the Romanian poet and film-maker Isodore Isou’s Lettristes—named their journal Potlatch after the native American gift-giving ceremony popularised by the anthropologist Marcel Mauss’s Essai sur le don: forme et raison de l’échange dans les sociétés archaïques (1925). The ceremony involved the giving away or destruction of goods in order to demonstrate status and appealed to Debord’s desire to think beyond capitalistic modes of value attribution and social organisation.

4. The Situationists’ splits, schisms and expulsions were often related in their journal. The first issue, in 1958, featured an article entitled ‘Venise a vaincu Ralph Rumney’ detailing the circumstances of the English artist and founding SI member Rumney’s excommunication for failing to produce a psychogeographical report on Venice. André Breton has been described as ‘the butt of a near-Oedipal hatred’ (Jappe 1999, 56) for Debord and the Situationists; Andrew Hussey (Citation2001, 133) claims that Debord had ‘a grudging respect as well as a complicated sense of filial duty’ towards Breton; Nick Pas (Citation2011, 32) directly likens Debord to Breton in describing the former as the ‘pope’ of the SI.

5. A conflation influentially made by the nouveaux philosophes in the 1970s and subsequently critiqued by Rancière (among others) in the journal Les Révoltes logiques.

6. Le citoyennisme refers to the neo-republican discourse around the role of the citoyen as political actor and can be broadly characterised as a moderate and reformist tendency.

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