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Articles

Curiosities at war: the police and prison resistance after Mai ’68

Pages 179-191 | Published online: 01 Mar 2018
 

Abstract

It is too easy to say of Mai ’68 that the police are incurious while protesters are curious, that administrators are incurious and students are curious. A more honest assessment of these moments, striated as they are with social tensions, would identify at least two modes of enquiry and two sets of questions vying for dominance: the one located on the side of the status quo, the other on the side of change. In what follows, I provide historico-theoretical resources to justify that assessment. I first review Michel Foucault and Jacques Rancière’s theories of the police, identifying the incipient role of curiosity in their accounts both of resistance and of power and the police. I then turn to the Prisons Information Group (GIP), where I trace the clear clash between state curiosity as implemented by police and resistant curiosity as practised by GIP activists. Finally, in light of this clash, I explore implications for interpreting Mai ‘68 and Black Lives Matter as instances of curiosities at war.

Résumé

Ce serait réducteur de dire de Mai 68 que la police est incurieuse alors que les manifestants sont curieux, que les administrateurs sont incurieux et que les étudiants sont curieux. Une évaluation plus honnête de ces moments striés de tensions sociales, permettrait d’identifier au moins deux modes d’enquête et deux séries de questions qui dominent tout en s’opposant : l’une située du côté du statu quo, l’autre du côté du changement. Dans ce qui suit, je fournis des ressources historico-théoriques pour justifier cette évaluation. Je passe d’abord en revue les théories de Michel Foucault et de Jacques Rancière sur la police, identifiant le rôle naissant de la curiosité dans leurs récits de résistance et du pouvoir et la police. Je me tourne ensuite vers le Groupe d’Information sur les Prisons (GIP), où j’évoque l’affrontement évident entre la curiosité de l’Etat telle qu’elle est mise en œuvre par la police, et la curiosité résistante telle que pratiquée par les activistes du GIP. Finalement, à la lumière de cette confrontation, j’explore les implications pour l’interprétation de Mai 68 et du mouvement Black Lives Matter comme exemples de curiosités en guerre.

Notes

1. As Hamon (Citation1989, 16) states, ‘The youngsters were still on a voyage of discovery, searching for a different way of life’.

2. Fuelling this demand was both a fury against the present police overreach and a commitment to honour the centuries-long convention that the police would not enter this university.

3. For Welch (Citation2011), the GIP answered surveillance with counterveillance. Here, I offer a broader account of the reversal, not limited to visual enquiry.

4. In what follows, I treat Foucault’s and Rancière’s accounts separately. For more on their interrelation, see McSweeney (Citation2010).

5. Their work on the police includes Foucault ([1973] 2013, 1975a, 1976, [1978] 2004, 1979a) and Rancière (Citation[1992] 1995, [1992] 1998a, [1992] 1998b, [1992] 2005).

6. For commentary, see Lewis (Citation2012, 98–114).

7. Johnson (Citation2014) attributes to Foucault both historical and theoretical nominalism, insisting that while types of police function appear to differ, they form one cohesive whole in ‘governmentality.’ ‘The police,’ he writes, ‘are a fragmentary concept that shifts seamlessly between the elements of sovereignty and justice, discipline and surveillance, and the control of populations, health, and capital’ (17).

8. Rancière, La Mésentente (1995, 51).

9. As Foucault states, citing Turquet de Mayerne, ‘La police c’est bien exactement l’art de gouverner tout entier’ (Citation[1978] 2004, 326).

10. In my view, Surveiller et punir, which is typically interpreted as a philosophical history of the penitentiary system, is perhaps best read as a story about curiosity. It is a story of the prison, the police, and the courts solidifying as a penal force through the governmental institutionalisation of curiosity.

11. These are, not incidentally, themes of Foucault’s lecture (Citation[1972a] 2015) delivered during his activism with the GIP. (See Alleg Citation1958).

12. For reflections on panauditory surveillance, as an element of panopticism, see Siisiainen (Citation2012).

13. It is important to note, first, that Rancière here repurposes and redirects Louis Althusser’s formula of interpellation. Second, overwhelmingly, in referring to the distribution of the sensible, Rancière mentions what is seeable and what is hearable/sayable. This formulation privileges the senses of vision and audition over gustation, olfaction, and somatosensation. It is worth remarking, however, that the police do in fact assure the distribution of clean air, green space, good food, not to mention the touchable and the untouchable.

14. Reiner (Citation2000) distinguishes between police personnel and policing, where the former is a modern invention and the latter is essential to any social order (1–2).

15. As Foucault recalls, ‘Il a été perçu par tout le monde – dans le GIP – comme un infamie. Et nous avons su que l’affirmation selon laquelle M. Schmelck était une belle âme et un honnête homme n’était pas vraie. La manière don’t il a essayé, à propos de l’affaire de Toul, de couper la poire en deux, de reconnaître certains faits tout en couvrant les responsables, de donner une promotion absurde au directeur de la prison de Toul, tout cela a prouvé aux yeux de tous que cet homme était malhonnête’ (Citation1979a, 812).

16. For a focused reflection on the GIP’s use of publicity as a tactic of resistance, see Zurn (Citation2014).

17. The GIP questionnaire was expressly rooted in the French Maoist practice of popular justice and worker tribunals (see Hoffman Citation2015).

18. ‘Le problème n’était pas de dire : telle et telle chose ne vont pas, et par conséquent voici à quelles conditions elles pourraient aller, c’était de dire simplement : il y a là problème, il y a là quelque chose qui n’est pas toléré par les gens, et qui n’est pas tolérable’ (Foucault Citation1979a, 813).

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