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Original Articles

A Change of Paradigm? Law and Order, Anti-Terrorism Policies, and Civil Liberties in Germany

Pages 479-496 | Published online: 25 Nov 2010
 

Abstract

Germany's constitutional order places considerable emphasis on the protection of civil liberties. As in other liberal democracies, the events following 9/11 have increasingly led to critical questions about the relationship between the protection of civil liberties and collective security needs. The article reviews the Grand Coalition's (2005–09) legislation in the area of internal security and immigration, investigating the extent to which the first Merkel cabinet departed significantly from the legislative status quo. The main finding for the areas of home affairs and internal security is that the Grand Coalition's policy is characterised by a continuous development of previous governments' policy agendas, its room for manoeuvre being circumscribed by some landmark rulings of the Federal Constitutional Court and its loss of a majority in the Bundesrat following the Bavarian state diet election of autumn 2008. The main characteristic of internal security policy is the stronger coordination of intelligence gathering and sharing both internationally and amongst various executive agencies at the national and regional level. By contrast, the Grand Coalition's policy agenda on immigration demonstrated a growing consensus amongst the two major German parties. As a result, a number of innovative policies could be developed, including the revised Immigration Act.

Notes

Ralf Dahrendorf, Law and Order: The Hamly Lectures Thirty-Seventh Series (London: Stevens, 1985).

Second Periodical Report on Crime and Crime Prevention in Germany, Abridged Version, Edited by the Federal Ministry of the Interior and the Federal Ministry of Justice (Berlin: Bundesregierung, 2006), p.15.

Gemeinsam für Deutschland. Mit Mut und Menschlichkeit. Koalitionsvertrag von CDU, CSU und SPD, available at http://www.bundesregierung.de/Webs/Breg/DE/Bundesregierung/Koalitionsvertrag/koalitions-vertrag.html, p.135

Aufbruch und Erneuerung – Deutschlands Weg ins 21. Jahrhundert Koalitionsvereinbarung zwischen der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands und Bündnis 90/Die Grünen, available at http://www.boell.de/downloads/stiftung/1998_Koalitionsvertrag.pdf, p.37.

Christoph Gusy, Trennungsgebot. Tatsächliches oder vermeintliches Hindernis für effektive Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung des internationalen Terrorismus?, available at http://www.juro.uni-bielefeld.de/Lehrstuehle/Gusy/Veroeffentlichungen_Vortraege/TERRORISMUSTRENNUNG.pdf. Christoph Gusy and Kristine Pohlmann, ‘Wächst zusammen, was nicht zusammengehört? Die zunehmende Vernetzung zwischen Polizei und Verfassungsschutz weicht das Trennungsgebot auf’, vorgänge, No. 2 (2007), pp.53–62.

German Constitutional Court ruling of 15. Dec. 1983 (AZ. 1 BvR 209, 269, 362, 420, 440, 484/83).

Hans-Jörg Geiger, Schriftliche Stellungnahme zum Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Errichtung gemeinsamer Dateien von Polizeibehörden und Nachrichtendiensten des Bundes und der Länder (Gemeinsame-Dateien-Gesetz), Innenausschuss A-Drs. 16(4)131 I of 3 Nov. 2006.

Bundskriminalamt (ed.), The Bundeskriminalamt. Facts and Figures 2008, available at http://www.bka.de/profil/broschueren/facts2007.pdf

Gesetz über das Bundeskriminalamt und die Zusammenarbeit des Bundes und der Länder in kriminalpolizeilichen Angelegenheiten (Bundeskriminalamtgesetz – BKAG) BGBl I, 1997, p.1650.

Gesetz zur Abwehr von Gefahren des internationalen Terrorismus durch das Bundeskriminalamt, BGBl I, 2008, p.3083.

Gesetzentwurf der Fraktion der CDU/CSU und SPD. Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Abwehr von Gefahren des internationalen Terrorismus durch das Bundeskriminalamt, BT Drs.16/9588 of 17 June 2008.

Gesetz über die Zusammenarbeit des Bundes und der Länder in Angelegenheiten des Verfassungsschutzes und über das Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz i.d.F. vom 17. Dezember 2008, BGBl. I S. 2586.

Federal Ministry of the Interior, Annual Report on the Protection of the Constitution (Federal Government: Berlin, 2005).

Bundesgesetzblatt (BGBl) I, 2007, p.2.

Andreas Peilert and Willy Kösling, ‘Bundespolizei – vormals Bundesgrenzschutz’, in Hermann Groß, Bernhard Frevel and Carsten Dams (eds), Handbuch der Polizeien Deutschlands (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2008), pp.555–90.

Bundesministerium des Innern, BMI, press release, 25 Jan. 2008.

Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten Wolfgang Wieland, Volker Beck (Köln), Jerzy Montag, weiterer Abgeordneter und der Fraktion BÜNDNIS 90/DIE GRÜNEN – Drucksache 16/9833 – Das Gemeinsame Terrorismusabwehrzentrum – Sachstand 2008, Deutscher Bundestag, 16. Wahlperiode, Drs. 16/10007.

Gemeinsame-Dateien-Gesetz (GDT) vom 30 Dezember 2006, BGBl I S. 3409.

Antiterrordateigesetz vom 22. Dezember 2006, BGBl. I p.3409, geändert durch Artikel 5 des Gesetzes vom 26 Februar 2008, BGBl. I p.215.

Bundesverfassungsgericht (BVerfG), 1 BvR 370/07 vom 27 Februar 2008, Absatz-Nr. (1 - 333), http://www.bverfg.de/entscheidungen/rs20080227_1bvr037007.html

Cf. Andreas Busch, ‘Von der Reformpolitik zur Restriktionspolitik? Die Innen- und Rechtspolitik der zweiten Regierung Schröder’, in Christoph Egle and Reimut Zohlhöfer (eds), Ende des rot–grünen Projekts? Eine Bilanz der Regierung Schröder 2002–2005 (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2007).

Federal Ministry of the Interior, Migration and Integration. Residence law and policy on migration and integration in Germany 2008, p.28; as of 31 Dec. 2006, more than 4.2 million foreigners (including EU citizens) in Germany had the right of permanent residence and 2.1 million the right of temporary residence; another 40,000 foreigners were awaiting the final decision on their applications for asylum; 257,000 foreigners were required to leave the country, of which 175,000 had been granted a temporary suspension of deportation (ibid., p.35).

Ibid., p.78.

Antwort der Bundesregierung auf eine kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten Ulla Jelpke, Sevim Dağdelen und der Fraktion DIE LINKE, BT Drs. 16/2432 of 23 Aug. 2006.

Federal Ministry of the Interior 2006, Joint Centre for Illegal Migration Analysis and Policy (GASIM)-Taking effective measures to confront the challenges posed by illegal migration, available at http://www.bmi.de/Asyl-Migration_analysis.html

Article 9 Grundgesetz, Freedom of association, reads as follows: ‘(1) All Germans shall have the right to form corporations and other associations. (2) Associations whose aims or activities contravene the criminal laws, or that are directed against the constitutional order or the concept of international understanding, shall be prohibited.’

‘Article 35.2 sentence 2 and 35.3 sentence 1 of the Grundgesetz does not permit the Federation to order missions of the armed forces with specifically military weapons for the control of natural disasters and in the case of especially grave accidents.’ Bundesverfassungsgericht, German Constitutional Court ruling of 15 Feb. 2006 (1 BvR 357/05), available at http://www.bverfg.de/entscheidungen/rs20060215_1bvr035705en.html, headnotes 2.

Article 1. 1 Grundgesetz: ‘Human dignity shall be inviolable. To respect and protect it shall be the duty of all state authority.’ Article 2. 2: ‘Every person shall have the right to life and physical integrity. Freedom of the person shall be inviolable.’

German Constitutional Court (BVerfG) ruling of 15 Feb. 2006 (1 BvR 357/05), headnotes 3. http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/entscheidungen/rs20060215_1bvr035705.html

Oliver Lepsius, ‘Human Dignity and the Downing of Aircraft: The German Federal Constitutional Court Strikes Down a Prominent Anti-terrorism Provision in the New Air-transport Security Act’, German Law Journal 7/9 (2006), p.772.

German Constitutional Court ruling of 18 July 2005 (2 BvR 2236/04), available from http://www.bverfg.de/entscheidungen/rs20050718_2bvr223604.html, headnotes 1.

Ibid., headnotes 3.

German Constitutional Court ruling of 27 Feb. 2008 (1 BvR 370/07; 1 BvR 595/07), http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/en/decisions/rs20080227_1bvr037007en.html

David Garland, The Culture of Control. Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).

Stuart A. Scheingold, The Politics of Law and Order: Street Crime and Public Policy (New York: Longman, 1984), p.175.

David C. Anderson, Crime and Politics of Hysteria. How the Willie Horton Story Changed American Justice (New York: Random House, 1995).

George L. Kelling and Cathrine M. Coles, Fixing Broken Windows: Restoring Order and Reducing Crime in Our Communities (New York: The Free Press, 1996).

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