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ABSTRACT
The highest number of German scholars and physicians, forced by the National Socialist regime to emigrate for “race” or political reasons, were from Berlin. Language and medical exams were requested differently in their new host country—the United States—leading to a concentration of immigrants in the New York and Boston areas. Very early Emergency Committees in Aid of German Scholars and Physicians were established. Undergraduate students (like F. A. Freyhan, H. Lehmann, and H.-L. Teuber) from Berlin seemed to integrate easily, in contrast to colleagues of more advanced age. Some of the former chiefs and senior assistants of Berlin’s neurological departments could achieve a successful resettlement (C. E. Benda, E. Haase, C. F. List, and F. Quadfasel) and some a minor degree of success (F. H. Lewy and K. Goldstein). A group of neuropsychiatrists from Bonhoeffer’s staff at the Berlin Charité Hospital could rely on the forceful intercession of their former chief. The impact of the émigré colleagues on North American neuroscience is traced in some cases. Apart from the influential field of psychoanalysis, a more diffuse infiltration of German and European neuropsychiatry may be assumed. The contribution to the postwar blossoming of neuropsychology by the émigré neuroscientists K. Goldstein, F. Quadfasel, and H.-L. Teuber is demonstrated in this article.
Notes
1 Reichsgesetzesblatt (statute for the restoration of the civil service) 1933, I, pp. 175–177; further reading: Fijal (Citation1994).
2 The handbook article could yet appear in 1936.
3 Many of the émigrés, like Dr. Kalinowksi, changed their name either during their forced migration process or at naturalization in their new host countries (e.g., Kalinowsky).
4 The title of Veterans Administration was the contemporary one for the hospital and medical research system to benefit war-injured soldiers and veterans. It was later renamed and integrated into the Department of Veterans Affairs.
5 Personal files of the “President’s Office”, University of Illinois, Chicago, qtd. after Baule (Citation1995).
6 Personal files of the “President’s Office”, University Illinois in Chicago, cit. after Baule, ibid.
7 Benda’s curriculum vitae: Benda BMSc 96_21Bio in: Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine. Center for the History of Medicine. Harvard Medical Library and Boston Medical Library.
8 Bibliography see: BendaBMSc96_1Bib in: Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine. Center for the History of Medicine. Harvard Medical Library and Boston Medical Library, and completed until 1970 – by Ulrike Eisenberg, Berlin (unpublished).
9 Documents from relevant Berlin archives and Lewy’s personal files as a displaced scholar in the Archives of the Society for the Protection of Science and Learning at the Bodleian Library in Oxford, England (Holdorff, Citation2002) have been recently enriched by American sources by Antonio Rodrigues e Silva in his 2014 MD thesis, guided by his mentor, Professor Richard Dodel at the Clinical Department of Neurology of the University of Marburg.
10 Rockefeller Foundation, talk between Detlev Bronk (1897–1975) and Henry Cuthbert Bazett (1885–1950) on June 8, 1935. Rockefeller Archive 1935, this and the next citations of RF Archives documents from Rodrigues e Silva Citation2014, pp. 95–98. Rockefeller Foundation Archives, record group 1.1 Projects, series 241A, box 2, folder 19 “University of Pennsylvania – Lewy, F. H. (Refugee, Neurophysiology), 1935-1939” Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, NY.
11 Talk with Henry Lewy, August 26, 1935, Rockefeller Archive 1935, record group 1.1 Projects, series 241A, box 2, folder 19.
12 Academic Assistance Council, later Society for Protection of Learning and Science, London, today: Council for Assisting Refugee Academics (CARA), October 10, 1943). Leaf-no 269 FH Lewy file, ‘Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford’ (Department of Special Collections, Weston Library, Broad Street, Oxford OX1 3BG.
13 For Goldstein’s life and career in Germany, see Hoffmann and Stahnisch (2010), Pow and Stahnisch (2014), and Eling (Citation2012).
14 “The notion of order is central to Goldstein’s ideas of health and disease and those of rehabilitation: “Thus, being well means to be capable of ordered behavior which may prevail in spite of the impossibility of certain performances which were formerly possible. But the new state of health is not the same as the old one … Recovery is a newly achieved state of ordered functioning … .a new individual norm.” Thus, in contradiction to a classical, ‘splitting’ neurology, Goldstein sees symptoms not as isolated expressions of local damage in the nervous system but as ’attempted solutions’ the organism has arrived at, once it has been altered by disease. ‘Symptoms,’ for Goldstein, betoken whole levels of organization, adaptation to an altered inner state (and world). It is impossible, he emphasizes, to consider any illness – but above all, a neurological illness – without reference to the patient’s self, and the forms of his adaptation and orientation within it. Disease, for Goldstein, involves a ‘shrinkage’ (or, at the least, a ‘revision’) of self and world, until an equilibrium of a radically new sort can be achieved” (Sacks, Citation1995, p. 11).
15 The working situation of Heinz Lehmann is further described in the article by Stahnisch (Citation2016) in this special issue.
16 His teachers in neurology were Alfred Hoche (1865–1943), Otfrid Foerster (1873–1941), Richard Cassirer (1868–1925), and Max Nonne (1861–1959). For further biographical details and references (obituaries), see Rosenow, Dietz, and Frowein (Citation2007).
17 Wartenberg’s disease (syn.: Cheiralgia paresthetica): A sensitive neuropathy involving the superficial branch of the radial nerve; Wartenberg’s sign: In ulnar paralysis the little finger is in a position of abduction; Wartenberg’s syndrome: Radial nerve entrapment at the forearm; Wartenberg wheel: A medical device for neurological use. Wartenberg’s migratory sensory neuropathy: A benign, relapsing and remitting condition.