Preface: Future Trends in Low Intensity Conflict

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Notes

 1. ‘Colombian Drug Smugglers Built Sub’, Associated Press, 8 September 2000; and ‘Colombia Cops Find Submarines Big Enough for Tons of Drugs’, Associated Press, 7 September 2000.

 2. See Military Studies in the Jihad Against the Tyrants in ‘Declaration of Jihad Against the Country's Tyrants Military Series’, a document entered in evidence at the trial for the African Embassy bombings, Southern District Court, New York City Attorney General's Office, circa early to mid 1990s, in translation from Arabic. The ‘Twelfth Lesson’ dealing with espionage and information gathering is particularly applicable.

 3. The French-based site ⟨http://stcom.net/⟩ is a case in point. Gaidz Miniassian, ‘French Internet Site Offers Jihad Training Manual’, Le Monde, 19 December 2002, available at ⟨http://www.lemonde.fr/⟩.

 4. Middle East Media Research Institute, ‘Bin Laden Lieutenant Admits to September 11 and Explains Al-Qa'ida's Combat Doctrine’, Special Dispatch Series-No.134, 10 February 2002, available at ⟨http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page+archives&Area+sd&ID=SP34402⟩. See also the many other pertinent MEMRI media reports and Arabic, Farsi and Hebrew translations.

 5. Middle East Media Research Institute, ‘Bin Laden Lieutenant Admits to September 11 and Explains Al-Qa'ida's Combat Doctrine’, Special Dispatch Series-No.134, 10 February 2002, available at ⟨http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page+archives&Area+sd&ID=SP34402⟩. See also the many other pertinent MEMRI media reports and Arabic, Farsi and Hebrew translations.

 6. Jason Burke, ‘Al-Qa'ida Launches Online Terrorist Manual’, The Observer, 18 January 2004; ‘Russia: Deputy FM Says Al-Qa'ida Trying to Expand to New Territories’, Interfax, 20 January 2004, FBIS no. CEP20040120000253; Bob Newman, ‘Terrorists Feared to Be Planning Sub-Surface Naval Attacks’, CNSNews.com, 3 December 2003, at ⟨http://www.cnsnews.com⟩; Rohan Sullivan, ‘Al-Qaida Program to Make Chemical, Biological Weapons Halted by Afghan War’, Cnews, 26 January 2004, at ⟨http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/⟩

 7. Much of federal border law enforcement – notably the Border Patrol, Immigration and Naturalization Service, and the Customs Service – have been subsumed by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and the new Northern Command incorporates a range of organizations performing support missions related to border security and civil authority support. Under DHS, the Border Patrol is continuing installation of monitoring devices along the borders to detect illegal activity and the growth initiated some years earlier has continued. According to The White House, ‘Fair and Secure Immigration Reform’, Fact Sheet, 7 January 2004, found at ⟨http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/01/20040107-1.html⟩, Border Patrol strength, for example, increased from 9,788 on 11 September 2001 to 10,835 on 1 December 2003. In addition, ‘between ports of entry on the northern border, the size of the Border Patrol has tripled to more than 1,000 agents’.

 8. Diego Enrique Osorno, ‘Drug Trafficking Is Allowed’, Milenio Semanal, 12 October 2003, as translated in FBIS LAP20031013000069.

 9. The Website for this group is found at ⟨http://www.americanborderpatrol.com/⟩.

10. See, for a few examples, Ralph Peters, ‘The New Warrior Class’, Parameters (Summer 1994), pp.16–26; John Mueller, ‘The Remnants of War: Thugs as Residual Combatants’, paper delivered at the International Convention of the Central and Eastern European International Studies Association and the International Studies Association, Budapest, Hungary, 27 June 2003; and Raymond C. Finch III, ‘A Face of Future Battle: Chechen Fighter Shamil Basayev’, Military Review, (June–July 1997), available at ⟨http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/fmsopubs/issues/shamil/shamil.htm⟩.

11. Kevin Avruch, Culture and Conflict Resolution (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 1998) does a particularly good job in that regard.

12. Some of these may have been written by bin Laden himself. David Rohde, ‘Verses Form bin Laden's War’, New York Times, 7 April 2002.

13. An assessment of the program's success in Yemeni tribal areas by a government ‘strategist’ there had this take: ‘It's been very effective … It's not the American way, it's the Yemeni way.’ Geoffrey York, ‘Battling Terror With Verse: It's the Yemeni Way – Poetry the Solution in a Lawless Word of Violent Radicals’, The Globe and Mail, 8 May 2003, p.A3, available at ⟨http://www.globeandmail.com/servlet/ArticleNews/TPStory/LAC/20030508/UYEMEN_2/International/Idx⟩.

14. Graham Gerard Oag, ‘Pre-empting Maritime Terrorism in Southeast Asia’, Institute of South East Asian Studies, 29 November 2002, available at ⟨http://www.iseas.edu.sg/viewpoint/ggonov02.pdf⟩.

15. These works are far too numerous to list here, but representatives of several illustrative regional works include, among others: Pierre Gilhodes, ‘La Violence en Colombie, Banditisme et Guerre Sociale’, Cahiers du Monde Hispanique et Luso-Bresilien, Vol.26 (1976), pp.70–81; Juan R.I. Cole and Moojan Momen, ‘Mafia, Mob and Shiism in Iraq: The Rebellion of Ottoman Karbala, 1824–1843’, Past and Present, Vol.112 (August 1986), pp.112–43; Vinita Damodaran, ‘Azad Dastas and Dacoit Gangs: The Origins and Underground Activity in Bihar, 1942–1944’, Modern Asian Studies, Vol.26, No.3 (1992), pp.417–50; Michael Watts, ‘Banditry, Rebellion, and Social Protest in Africa: A Review,’ African Economic History, Vol.16 (1987), pp.123–9; Richard W. Slatta, ed., Bandidos: The Variety of Latin American Bandits (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1987); Gary R. Perlstein, ‘The Mercenary as Social Bandit: A Preliminary Look’, International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, Vol.32 (December 1988), pp.201–207; ‘Social Banditry: Hobsbawm's Model and the “Mau Mau”’, African Studies, Vol.39 (January 1980), pp.77–97; ‘Social Banditry in Zimbabwe (Rhodesia) and Mozambique, 1894–1907’, Journal of South African Studies, Vol.4 (October 1977), pp.1–30. A frequent manifestation is the mix of criminal, political and ideological agendas. In Robert Cribb, Gangsters and Revolutionaries: The Jakarta People's Militia and the Indonesian Revolution, 1945–1949 (Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, 1991), for example, the mix of criminal and revolutionary interests among post-Second World War Indonesia's people's militias seems quite contemporary in some ways.

16. Oag.

17. One of the recent book-length additions to this body of work, C.R. Pennell, ed., Bandits at Sea: A Pirates Reader (New York: New York University Press, 2001), addresses the phenomenon of piracy in its many regional and cultural forms.

18. Vic Hurley, The Swish of the Kris (New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., 1936), ch.21, ‘Jikiri’, p.223. This fine old book is also available on-line at ⟨http://www.bakbakan.com/swishkb.html⟩. See also Peter Jaymul V. Uckung, ‘From Jikiri to Abu Sayya’, Philippines Inquirer, 9 June 2001, available at ⟨http://www.inq7.net⟩.

19. Uchung.