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Gender, Place & Culture
A Journal of Feminist Geography
Volume 22, 2015 - Issue 8
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Articles

Contested mobilities: gendered migration pressures among Cambodian youth

Pages 1124-1140 | Received 02 May 2013, Accepted 07 May 2014, Published online: 14 Aug 2014
 

Abstract

This paper explores how gender norms and expectations shape the migration decision-making processes of Cambodian young people, in a community characterized by high levels of migration to Thailand. Based on qualitative fieldwork with migrant and nonmigrant youth, I examine how young people make sense of migration and its local alternatives, and highlight the various gendered pressures that young people, and particularly men, experience for migration. Given the lack of local life-making alternatives that neatly conform to hegemonic masculine ideals, young men experience strong pressures for migration and encounter negative social judgments where they seek to stay put. In contrast, young women experience less forceful migration pressures, perceive meaningful alternative life-making projects in the village, and feel more free to actively resist migration. More generally, my findings highlight the importance of interrogating gendered processes of migration not only in terms of how they affect women and those who choose to migrate but also with consideration to how they affect men, and those who choose – or would prefer – to stay home.

Movilidades disputadas: las presiones de migración generizadas entre jóvenes de Camboya

Este trabajo analiza cómo las normas y las expectativas de género dan forma a los procesos de la toma de decisión con respecto a la migración de las personas jóvenes camboyanas, en una comunidad caracterizada por los altos niveles de migración a Tailandia. Apoyándome en un trabajo de campo cualitativo con jóvenes migrantes y no migrantes, estudio cómo entienden la migración y sus alternativas locales, y destaco las varias presiones generizadas que las personas jóvenes, en particular los hombres, experimentan por la migración. Dada la falta de alternativas locales para realizar su vida que se ajusten claramente a los ideales masculinos hegemónicos, los hombres jóvenes experimentan fuertes presiones para la migración y encuentran juzgamientos sociales negativos cuando quieren quedarse. En contraste, las mujeres jóvenes experimentan presiones de migración no tan fuertes, perciben proyectos alternativos para realizar sus vidas en forma significativa en sus aldeas, y se sienten más libres para resistir activamente la migración. Más generalmente, mis resultados destacan la importancia de interrogar a los procesos generizados de migración, no sólo sobre cómo afectan a las mujeres y a aquellos que eligen migrar, sino también en cómo afectan a los hombres, y a aquellos que eligen – o preferirían – quedarse.

竞逐的能动性:柬埔寨青年的性别化移民压力

本文探讨性别常规与期待,如何形塑柬埔寨一个以高度人口移民至泰国着称的社区中的青年决定移民的过程。我根据对移民和非移民青年所进行的质化田野工作,检视年轻人如何理解移民和其他的在地可能性,并凸显青年、特别是男性经验移民的各种性别化压力。有鉴于在地缺乏符合霸权男性典范的其他生计选择,年轻男性经历了必须移民的强大压力,且他们企图留在家乡时,则遭遇了负面的社会评价。反之,年轻女性较少经验强迫式的移民压力、能在村落中发觉有意义的另类生计工作,并且能够更自由地积极抗拒移民。更一般而言,我的研究发现凸显了探究移民的性别化过程的重要性,这些过程影响了女性以及选择移民的人,并同时影响了男性以及选择 – 或宁愿 – 留在家乡的人。

Acknowledgments

I thank Leng Kimteang, Duth Kimsru, and Rith Sarakk for their research support and useful feedback. A version of this paper was presented at the International Conference on Gender and Migration, Marmara University in Istanbul, where I received thoughtful comments and feedback. Finally, I thank the three anonymous reviewers, whose insightful and detailed suggestions have greatly improved the paper.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Maryann Bylander

Maryann Bylander received her PhD in Sociology from the University of Texas at Austin in 2012. She is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Lewis and Clark College. Her research focuses on questions of development and globalization, migration, the environment, and gender. Her work has been published in Contexts, Development and Change, and International Migration.

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