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Abstract
Gender differences in mobility patterns between women and men have long been acknowledged. This study analyses how these differences are reproduced in different urban and rural contexts. Using mobility data from a large travel survey taken in 2006 in Spain, we examine the differences between gender mobility through age, modal split and trip purposes. Special attention is paid to how territory shapes mobility and how these territorial settings differently affect gendered mobilities. The use of this data source allows the comparison of all trips made by the total population, including all means of transport. By taking a global view on mobility, the uneven relationships that men and women have with different means of transport become more visible. After disaggregating data by age and territorial settings, results show that women are using sustainable transport modes more often than men, and travelling for more diverse reasons. Gender is thus a fundamental variable in understanding modal split and, by extension, transport sustainability, in terms of energy consumption and the emission of greenhouse gases. From this point of view, we consider women's mobility knowledge and practices – typically related to the most sustainable means of transport – as factors with rising value that could effectively guide public policy in its way to promote more sustainable mobility patterns.
Análisis de género de la movilidad cotidiana en territorios urbanos y rurales: de los desafíos a la sostenibilidad
Las diferencias de género en los patrones de movilidad entre mujeres y hombres son conocidas ya desde hace tiempo. Este estudio analiza cómo estas diferencias son reproducidas en distintos contextos urbanos y rurales. Utilizando datos de movilidad provenientes de una gran encuesta de movilidad realizada en 2006 en España, examinamos las diferencias entre la movilidad de género a través de la edad, la elección modal y los propósitos de viaje. Se presta especial atención a como el territorio da forma a la movilidad y cómo estos contextos territoriales afectan diferentemente a la movilidad de género. El uso de esta fuente de datos permite la comparación de todos los viajes llevados a cabo por la población, incluyendo todos los medios de transporte. Tomando una mirada global sobre la movilidad, las relaciones desiguales que hombres y mujeres tienen con los diferentes medios de transporte se vuelven más visibles. Después de desagregar los datos por edad y contexto territorial, los resultados muestran que las mujeres utilizan medios de transporte sostenibles con más frecuencia que los hombres, y que viajan por motivos más diversos. El género es por lo tanto una variable fundamental para entender la división modal y, por extensión, la sostenibilidad del transporte, en términos de consumo de energía y emisión de gases de efecto invernadero. Desde este punto de vista, consideramos el conocimiento y las prácticas de movilidad de las mujeres -típicamente relacionadas con los medios de transporte más sostenibles- como factores con creciente valor que podrían guiar efectivamente las políticas públicas en su camino a promover patrones de movilidad más sostenibles.
城市与乡村领域中，日常生活能动性的性别分析：从挑战到可持续发展
男性与女性在能动性模式中的性别差异，早已受到认定。本研究分析这些差异如何在不同的城市与乡村脉络中再生产。我们运用2006年在西班牙进行的大型旅运调查所得到的能动性数据，藉由年龄、形态划分与旅程目的，检视性别能动性的差异。我们将特别关注领域如何形塑能动性，以及这些领域安排如何不一而足地影响性别化的能动性。使用此一数据来源，让总体人口进行的全部旅程得以进行比较，包括所有的运输方式。透过採取能动性的全球视角，伴随着男性与女性拥有不同交通工具而来的不均关係，则变得更加清晰可见。我们以年龄和领域安排分解数据后的结果显示，女性较男性更常使用可持续发展的运输模式，并为了更多元的原因进行移动。性别因此是理解形态划分的根本变因，更可推展至能源消耗与温室气体排放上的运输可持续性。就此观点而言，我们将女性的能动性知识与实践——特别是关乎最具可持续性的运输方式——考量作为影响因素，该因素拥有成长中的价值，能够有效引导公共政策、并以此提倡更可持续发展的能动性模式。
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Acknowledgements
We thank the Autoritat del Transport Metropolità (ATM) for providing the mobility data. We would also thank Elaine M. Lilly from Writer's first Aid for her intense proofreading and the helpful advice received from three anonymous referees and the editor of this journal. All are very much appreciated.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Notes
1.http://www.iermb.uab.es/htm/mobilitat/cat/emq.asp
2. Bicycle is a rarely used transport and was neglected form the analysis due to having only a 1% usage. Non-motorized transport is thus identified exclusively with walking.
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Notes on contributors
Carme Miralles-Guasch
Dr. Carme Miralles-Guasch is Professor (titular) in Human Geography and Institute of Environmental Science and Technology at Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. She is a principal investigator in research projects on mobility, transport and city, and member of various consultative bodies including The Council for Mobility of Catalonia, the Barcelona Mobility Pact, the Expert Group on Housing (Catalonia) and the Andalusian Observatory on Urban Planning. She was also a member of the Spanish Parliament 2000–2004 and member of its Committee on Infrastructures and Housing as well as director of the Barcelona Institute of Regional and Metropolitan Studies (UAB and Municipality of Barcelona).
Montserrat Martínez Melo
Montserrat Martínez Melo is a researcher at GEMOTT (Study Group on Mobility, Transport and Territory) in the Geography Department of the Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona. She is an expert in Sociological and market research and has been project manager for IERMB, TIME Consultants, and DEP Strategic Consultants, among others.
Oriol Marquet
Oriol Marquet is a researcher at GEMOTT (Study Group on Mobility, Transport and Territory) in the Geography Department of the Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona. He works on Sustainable Mobility and Proximity Dynamics, and has conducted research in IEUT (Institute of Urban and Territorial Studies, Santiago de Chile, Chile) and C-MUS (Centre for Mobilities and Urban Studies, Aalborg University, Denmark).