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Gender, Place & Culture
A Journal of Feminist Geography
Volume 23, 2016 - Issue 8
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Original Articles

Not everyone has ‘maids’: class differentials in the elusive quest for work-life balance

No todxs tienen ‘mucamas’: diferencias de clase en la búsqueda elusiva del equilibrio entre la vida y el trabajo

并非每人都有家庭帮佣’:探寻工作—生活平衡迷雾中的阶级差异

Pages 1164-1178 | Received 02 Oct 2014, Accepted 25 Aug 2015, Published online: 01 Feb 2016
 

Abstract

Work–life balance has come to the fore in Singapore as in other countries. Debates have focused on uneven gendered burdens. Less attention has been paid to the ways in which class matters in shaping outcomes for women. In this article, I argue that the work-care regime in Singapore is one that generates uneven consequences for women along class lines. The historical legacy of eugenics-influenced pronatalism, the pursuit of a corporation-centric development, the persistent reticence toward universal provisions and corresponding preference for ‘private’ solutions to care create a context in which women in low-income households have an especially hard time balancing wage work and familial responsibilities. The individualization and marketization of household needs, in Singapore and elsewhere, obscure the circumstances, needs, and well-being of women in lower class circumstances, and undermine the value of housework and care labor.

Resumen

El equilibrio entre la vida y el trabajo ha pasado al primer plano en Singapur al igual que en otros países. Los debates se centran en las cargas desparejas entre los géneros. Menos atención se ha prestado a cómo influyen los asuntos de clase en el resultado para las mujeres. En este artículo, sostengo que el régimen de trabajo-cuidado en Singapur genera consecuencias desiguales entre las mujeres según su clase. La herencia histórica del pronatalismo, influenciado por la eugenesia, la búsqueda de un desarrollo centrado en las corporaciones y la persistente reticencia hacia la cobertura universal y la correspondiente preferencia por las soluciones ‘privadas’ al cuidado, crean un contexto en el cual es mucho más difícil encontrar un equilibrio entre el trabajo asalariado y las responsabilidades del hogar para las mujeres de los hogares de bajos ingresos. La individualización y la mercantilización de las necesidades del hogar, en Singapur y otros lugares en general, esconden las circunstancias, necesidades y bienestar de las mujeres en situación de clase baja y socava el valor del hogar y el trabajo del cuidado.

摘要

如同其他国家一般,工作—生活平衡已在新加坡受到注目。既有的辩论聚焦于不均的性别化负担,但却较少关注焦阶级议题在形塑女性演变结果的方式。我于本文中主张,新加坡的工作—照护体制,沿着阶级划分对女性产生了不均的后果。受到优生学影响的鼓励生育主义之历史遗产,追求以企业为核心的发展,以及对于提供全面照护保持缄默,同时偏好‘私有化’的照护方案,皆创造了低收入家庭的女性在平衡薪资劳动与家庭责任时特别艰辛的脉络。在新加坡以及他处的家户需求的个人化及市场化,矇蔽了低收入阶级环境中的女性境况、需求与福祉,并损害了家户工作与照护劳动的价值。

Acknowledgements

I thank my respondents and the community workers who generously shared their time, experiences, and insights. For their advice on this paper, my thanks go to C.J. Pascoe, Ito Peng, Raka Ray, Teresa Sharpe, as well as Pamela Moss and the anonymous reviewers at Gender, Place and Culture. The paper was presented at the ISA World Congress in Yokohama in July 2014, at a session on the Global Migration of Care Work, and also at a seminar organized by the Association of Women for Action and Research in November 2014 —thank you to attendees of these events who provided rich feedback.

Funding

This work was supported by the Singapore Ministry of Education [grant number RG74/12].

Notes

1. Issues around care of the elderly and disabled are also important, and require separate analysis beyond the scope of this article.

2. See, for example, ‘Winter’ (Citation2015) and ‘Miss Vanda’ (Citation2015).

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