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Gender, Place & Culture
A Journal of Feminist Geography
Volume 23, 2016 - Issue 10
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Articles

Time Ni Hota Hai: time poverty and food security in the Kumaon hills, India

Ni hota hai en el tiempo: pobreza de tiempo y seguridad alimentaria en las Colinas Kumaon, en India

时间是新的(Time Ni Hota Hai):印度库马盎山丘中的时间贫穷与粮食安全

Pages 1404-1419 | Received 17 Oct 2014, Accepted 04 Dec 2015, Published online: 22 Mar 2016
 

Abstract

This article investigates food and nutritional security (FNS) in a sub-Himalayan North India community, and argues that socio-spatial policies and practices naturalize a discourse that places women in a position where they are responsible for an inequitable share of both productive and reproductive labor. As a result, women are often unable to properly perform FNS practices. Paradoxically, insecurity increases when there is more agricultural labor and thus less time for food preparation, a notion itself that is productive of anxiety and further compounds poor FNS practices. NGO and government programs implicitly reinscribe these gendered labor burdens through exclusively targeting women, educating them to be ‘better’ housewives and mothers. While simple solutions and an educative approach were the dominant activities, these organizations also constitute the home as a delimiting social space for development and seek to empower women through livelihood diversification and employment activities. While these programs provide women new spaces with which to forge social relations and develop different sets of knowledge outside the home, without a renegotiation of household labor burdens, these novel commitments oftentimes exacerbate women’s existing workloads at home. This analysis suggests that while FNS programs and policies might sometimes lend short-term relief to FNS, the greatest threat to FNS comes from the ways that the home spaces of women and their household work are devalued through development practices. This results in a lack of gendered labor time to adequately prepare food, thereby contradicting the policies’ stated objectives of reducing food insecurity.

Resumen

Este artículo investiga la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional (SAN) en una comunidad sub-himalaya del norte de India, y sostiene que las políticas y prácticas socio-espaciales naturalizan un discurso que ubica a las mujeres en una situación en la que son responsables por una porción desigual tanto del trabajo productivo como del reproductivo. Como resultado, éstas son a menudo incapaces de llevar a cabo las prácticas SAN de forma adecuada. Paradójicamente, la inseguridad aumenta cuando hay más trabajo agrícola y por lo tanto menos tiempo para la preparación de la comida, una noción que en sí misma es generadora de ansiedad y empeora más aún las inadecuadas prácticas SAN. Los programas de las ONG y gubernamentales refuerzan implícitamente estas cargas de trabajo generizadas al estar dirigidos exclusivamente a mujeres, educándolas para ser ‘mejores’ amas de casa y madres. Aunque las soluciones simples y un enfoque educativo fueron las actividades dominantes, estas organizaciones también constituyen el hogar como un espacio social delimitante para el desarrollo y buscan empoderar a las mujeres a través de la diversificación de modos de vida y actividades de empleo. Aunque estos programas proveen a las mujeres nuevos espacios con los que forjan relaciones sociales y desarrollan diferentes conocimientos fuera del hogar, sin una renegociación de la carga laboral del mismo, estos compromisos nuevos con frecuencia exacerban la carga existente de trabajo de las mujeres en el hogar. Este análisis sugiere que si bien los programas y las políticas de SAN podrían a veces mejorar la SAN en el corto plazo, la mayor amenaza a ésta proviene de las formas en que los espacios del hogar de las mujeres y su trabajo en ellos son devaluados a través de las prácticas de desarrollo. Esto resulta en una escasez de tiempo de trabajo generizado para preparar adecuadamente la comida, y por lo tanto contradiciendo los objetivos enunciados por las políticas de reducción de la inseguridad alimentaria.

摘要

本文探讨北印度次喜马拉雅山区一座社区的粮食和营养安全(FNS),并主张社会空间的政策与实践,自然化了将女性置于负责生产与再生产劳动的不均分配的处境之论述。因此女性经常无法确实进行FNS的实践。矛盾的是,当更多的农业劳动致使粮食准备时间减少时,不安全便会增加,而该概念本身便生产了焦虑,并进一步复杂化不足的FNS实践。NGO和政府计画,透过唯独聚焦女性,将她们教育成‘更好的’家庭主妇与母亲,暗中再铭刻了这些性别化的劳动负担。简易的解决方案和教育方法虽是主流的活动,但这些组织同时将家指定为发展的限定社会空间,并寻求透过生计的多样化和就业活动来培力女性。尽管这些计画提供了女性在家庭之外打造社会关係并发展不同知识集的崭新空间,但若缺乏对于家户劳动负担的再协商,这些崭新的承诺反而经常加剧女性在家既有的工作负担。本分析主张,FNS计画和政策尽管有时能提供FNS的短期缓解,但FNS的最大威胁,则是来自于透过发展实践贬义女性的家庭空间及其家户工作的方式。而这导致了缺乏性别化的劳动时间来充分准备食物,因而与上述政策所宣称的减少粮食不安全的目标相互冲突。

Acknowledgments

I received many helpful comments on this manuscript and I specifically wish to thank the anonymous reviewers, my advisor Vincent Del Casino, my colleagues Emma Lawlor, Niki von Hedemann, and Laurel Bellante, as well as my colleagues in the spring 2015 ‘Writing for Publication Seminar’, led by Sallie Marston. I am also indebted to my two field assistants Deepak and Sanvi, as well as all of the research participants in Kumaon for so graciously sharing their stories with me. Lastly, I acknowledge the University of Arizona Social and Behavioral Sciences Research Institute and the AAG Rural Geography Specialty Group for supporting this research.

Funding

This work was supported by the AAG Rural Geography Specialty Group; University of Arizona Social and Behavioral Sciences Research Institute.

Notes

1. I use pseudonyms for all names of organizations and people throughout this article.

2. I have used pseudonyms for NGOs and village names throughout this essay.

3. While I did not stay in the Bhabu village, it closely bordered the Kacchiyola household where I stayed, which allowed for informal conversations with nearby Bhabu villagers who frequently cut across the property.

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