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Articles

The pariah femininity hierarchy: comparing white women’s body hair and fat stigmas in the United States

La jerarquía de feminidad paria: comparación de los estigmas sobre el vello corporal y la gordura de las mujeres blancas en Estados Unidos

贱民女性特质阶级:比较美国白人女性的体毛与肥胖污名

Pages 135-146 | Received 18 Feb 2016, Accepted 13 Oct 2016, Published online: 20 Jan 2017
 

Abstract

The corporeal turn in the social sciences has stimulated considerable interdisciplinary research into embodied stigmas, but these theories do not account for why certain traits become more stigmatized than others. This study argues that the ‘real women’ imagery associated with the Western Body Positive movement reveals a ‘pariah femininity’ hierarchy: fat women achieve representation significantly more often than hairy women. In order to identify the stigma differential that might account for this representational difference, this study comparatively analyzes the parameters of stigma that United States viewers associate with each trait. A discourse analysis of online feedback from campaign viewers yields two important findings: (1) white women’s body hair poses a relative threat to patriarchal gender ideology and (2) viewers associate women’s body hair, more so than women’s body fat, with feminism. These two findings have important implications for academic efforts to theorize corporeal stigma, hegemonic femininity, and feminist stigma management.

Resumen

El giro corporal en las ciencias sociales estimuló una considerable investigación interdisciplinaria sobre estigmas corporizados, pero estas teorías no dan cuenta de por qué ciertos rasgos se vuelven más estigmatizados que otros. Este estudio sostiene que el imaginario de la ‘mujer real’ asociado con el movimiento occidental de Positividad Corporal revela una jerarquía de ‘feminidad paria’: las mujeres gordas adquieren representación significativamente con más frecuencia que las mujeres velludas. Para poder identificar el diferencial de estigma que podría dar cuenta de esta diferencia representacional, este estudio analiza comparativamente los parámetros de estigma que quienes miran en Estados Unidos asocian con cada rasgo. Un análisis discursivo de comentarios en línea de observadores de campaña nos deja dos importantes resultados: (1) el vello corporal de las mujeres blancas presenta una amenaza relativa a la ideología patriarcal de género y (2) los observadores asocian al vello corporal de las mujeres, más que a la grasa corporal de las mujeres, con el feminismo. Estos dos hallazgos tienen importantes implicancias para los esfuerzos académicos para teorizar sobre el estigma corporal, la feminidad hegemónica y la el manejo del estigma feminista.

摘要

社会科学的肉体转向,已刺激了大量有关身体化的污名之跨领域研究,但这些理论尚未说明为何特定的特徵较其他更受到污名化。本研究主张,与“西方的身体积极运动”有关的“真实女性”之意象,揭露了“贱民女性特质”的阶级:肥胖女性较多毛女性显着获得更多的再现。为了指认可能解释此一再现差异的污名差别,本研究比较分析美国阅听众连结各种特徵的污名因素。对于该运动阅听众的网上回应之论述分析,产生两个重要发现:(1)白人女性的体毛呈现出对父权性别意识形态的相对威胁,以及(2)较肥胖而言,阅听众更加地将女性体毛连结至女权主义。这两大发现对于理论化肉体污名、霸权女性特质和女权主义污名管理的学术努力而言,具有重要的意涵。

Acknowledgments

I’d like to thank Michael Kimmel, Mimi Schippers, and Naomi Wolf for their generous editing feedback. I would also like to thank Matthew Zimmer, Sophia Boutellier, Katy Fallon, and Amanda Kennedy for feedback on earlier drafts. Finally, I am grateful for the helpful editing feedback from the editor and anonymous reviewers of Gender, Place, and Culture.

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