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Gender, Place & Culture
A Journal of Feminist Geography
Volume 24, 2017 - Issue 2
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Articles

Urban homesteading and intensive mothering: (re) gendering care and environmental responsibility in Boston and Chicago

El homesteading urbano y la maternidad intensiva: (re)generizando el cuidado y la responsabilidad ambiental en Boston y Chicago

城市自耕生活与密集的母职照护:在波士顿与芝加哥(再)性别化照护与环境责任

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Pages 247-259 | Received 30 Mar 2015, Accepted 30 Sep 2016, Published online: 17 Jan 2017
 

Abstract

In this article, we explore how normative ideologies of good mothering are being reproduced and contested through urban homesteading, a sustainable lifestyle that emphasizes household self-provisioning. Urban homesteading practices may include gardening and urban agriculture, canning, and pickling, and a variety of do-it-yourself and craft projects. Based on qualitative research with 19 urban homesteading households with children in the Boston and Chicago Metropolitan areas, we argue that urban homesteading discourses and practices reflect and align with intensive mothering ideologies in the United States. Intensive mothering ideologies encourage a selfless devotion of physical, emotional, and mental energy to childrearing, and are often associated with individualized, privileged, and gendered subjectivities. We find these intensive mothering ideologies especially visible in the ways that mothers perceive and respond to environmental risk by adopting and enacting urban homesteading labors. We also note that the choice to respond to risk by homesteading is often, but not always, mediated and animated by economic, temporal, and social privilege. In this way, urban homesteading and surrounding discourses may inadvertently raise the bar of ‘good’ motherhood in ways that demand more of women and marginalize or burden mothers with less resources and privilege. However, rather than dismiss homesteading entirely on these grounds, we suggest that it may be possible to harvest impulses of care, connection, and collectivity associated with homesteading in ways that benefit rather than burden all mothers.

Resumen

En este artículo exploramos cómo las ideologías normativas del ser una buena madre se reproducen y disputan a través del homesteading urbano, un estilo de vida sostenible que hace hincapié en el autoabastecimiento del hogar. Las prácticas del homesteading urbano pueden incluir huerta y agricultura urbana, preparación de enlatados y conservas y una variedad de proyectos caseros y artesanales. Basándonos en una investigación cualitativa con 19 hogares de homesteading urbano con niñxs en las áreas metropolitanas de Boston y Chicago, argumentamos que los discursos y prácticas del homesteading urbano reflejan y se alinean en los Estados Unidos con ideologías de maternidad intensiva. Éstas estimulan una devoción abnegada de energía física, emocional y mental hacia la crianza de los niños y con frecuencia son asociadas con subjetividades individualizadas, privilegiadas y generizadas. Encontramos a estas ideologías de maternidad intensiva especialmente visibles en las formas en que las madres perciben y responden a los riesgos ambientales al adoptar e incorporar trabajos de homesteading urbano. También notamos que la elección de responder al riesgo con homesteading es a menudo, pero no siempre, mediada y animada por privilegios económicos, temporales y sociales. De esta forma, los discursos del homesteading urbano y los que lo rodean podrían inadvertidamente elevar la vara de la ‘buena’ maternidad de manera que demande más de las mujeres y margine o sea una carga sobre las mujeres de menos recursos y privilegios. Sin embargo, en vez de desestimar completamente el homesteading basándonos en estos motivos, sugerimos que podría ser posible cosechar los impulsos de cuidado, conexión y colectividad asociados con el homesteading de maneras que beneficien en vez de perjudicar a todas las madres.

摘要

我们于本文中,探讨有关良好母职的常规意识形态,如何透过城市自耕生活此一强调自给自足家户的可持续生活风格,进行再生产与竞逐。城市自耕实践可能包含园艺与城市农业,罐头製作与醃渍,以及各种自己动手做和工艺计画。我们根据对波士顿和芝加哥大都会地区十九个养育儿女的城市自耕家户进行的质性研究,主张城市自耕生活的论述与实践,反映并符合美国的密集母职之意识形态。密集的母职意识形态,倡导为了育儿进行体力、情绪和心灵的无私投入,并经常连结至个人化的、享有特权的和性别化的主体性。我们发现这些密集的母职意识形态,在母亲们透过採用并施行城市自耕劳动,理解并回应环境风险的方式中尤其明显。我们同时指出,透过自耕方式回应风险的选择,经常——却并非总是——受到经济、时间与社会特权所中介和激励。于此,城市自耕生活及其相关论述,可能不经意地以对女性要求更多、同时边缘化或加重拥有较少资源与特权的母亲负担之方式,提高了“良好”母职的门槛。但与其因此全然屏弃自耕生活,我们主张,仍有可能以使所有女性受益、而非加重女性负担的方式,从与自耕生活有关的照护冲动、连结和集体性中获益。

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Megan LaFrombois for her research assistance, Deborah G. Martin for her supervision and advising, Pamela Moss for her editorial guidance and encouragement, and three anonymous reviewers for their feedback on previous versions of this article. We also want to acknowledge the Great Cities Institute and the Institute for Research on Race and Public Policy at University of Illinois at Chicago and the National Science Foundation for providing support for this research. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. Finally, we thank our research participants for sharing their hopes, fears, and struggles with us.

Notes

1. All names have been changed to protect participants’ privacy.

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