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Notes
This point is reflected repeatedly in various government programmes such as the Government of Kazakhstan (Citation2001, Citation2003).
‘Uzbek Leader: Corrupt Officials “My Enemies”’, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 11 September 2001, available via: www.lexisnexis.com, accessed 2 December 2008; ‘Uzbek President Visits Home Region, Appoints New Governor’, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 17 December 2003, available via: www.lexisnexis.com, accessed 2 December 2008; ‘Uzbekistan: President Karimov Says He Will Shoot Islamic Fundamentalists’, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 1 May 1998, available via: www.lexisnexis.com, accessed 2 December 2008. Among the most recent ones ‘Uzbek Leader Rebukes Central Region's Top Officials for Low Efficiency’, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 17 April 2008, available via: www.lexisnexis.com, accessed 2 December 2008; ‘Address by the President Islam Karimov at Festive Ceremony Dedicated to 14th Anniversary of Independence of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, 1 September 2005’, available via: www.uza.uz, accessed 2 December 2008.
On these kinds of mass spectacles, see Adams (forthcoming), Falasca-Zamponi (Citation1997), Macaloon (Citation1984) and Roche (Citation2000).
‘Komu nuzhna natsional'naya ideya?’, available at: http://www.ferghana.ru/article.php?id=5874, accessed 24 March 2009.
‘Kazakhstan-2030: Prosperity, Security, and the Improvement of Living Conditions for All Kazakhstanis, Message of the President of the Country to the People of Kazakhstan’, available at: http://www.akorda.kz/www/www_akorda_kz.nsf/sections?OpenForm&id_doc=DD8E076B91B9CB66462572340019E60B&lang=ru, accessed 10 January 2009.
‘V Uzbekistane otmechaetsya prazdnik Navruz’, Uzbekistan National News Agency, available at: http://uza.uz/ru/society/2445/, accessed 15 January 2009.
‘The Head of State, Chairman Nursultan Nazarbaev of the Assembly of the Nations of Kazakhstan took part in the ХII Session of the Assembly, which was Held in the Peace and Accord Palace in Astana’, Official Site of the President of Kazakhstan, available at: http://www.akorda.kz/www/www_akorda_kz.nsf/news-open?OpenForm&idn=1&idno=D3DCBAE766E725F14625725200336893&lang=en, accessed 3 May 2009.
See ‘Kazakhstan-2030: Prosperity, Security, and the Improvement of Living Conditions for All Kazakhstanis, Message of the President of the Country to the People of Kazakhstan’, available at: http://www.akorda.kz/www/www_akorda_kz.nsf/sections?OpenForm&id_doc=DD8E076B91B9CB66462572340019E60B&lang=ru, accessed 10 January 2009.
See ‘Kazakhstan-2030: Prosperity, Security, and the Improvement of Living Conditions for All Kazakhstanis, Message of the President of the Country to the People of Kazakhstan’, available at: http://www.akorda.kz/www/www_akorda_kz.nsf/sections?OpenForm&id_doc=DD8E076B91B9CB66462572340019E60B&lang=ru, accessed 10 January 2009.
The research was carried out over the course of four trips to Uzbekistan (six weeks in 1995, 10 months in 1996 and one month each in 1998 and 2002), in which Laura Adams (hereafter LA) conducted in-depth (between one and three hours) interviews with 32 cultural elites, several of whom were interviewed more than once. Seventeen of these elites were involved in the creative aspects of culture production, 10 were academics or critics, and five were bureaucrats. Additionally, she conducted about 35 shorter interviews with other cultural elites from Tashkent and various regions of Uzbekistan, as well as a few in-depth and several shorter interviews about culture and national identity with people who did not fit the definition of cultural elite. She was present at holiday planning meetings and rehearsals on a nearly daily basis in February–March and July–August 1996. She also viewed videotapes of the Navro'z Independence Day celebrations from 1994–1998 and saw parts of the broadcasts of the holiday concerts from 1998–2008. The evidence on Kazakhstan is very different, and comes from LA's viewing of the television broadcasts of 16 holiday concerts and nine other holiday spectacles from 1989–2008, archived at the Khabar Television station or in the collection of one of the directors who worked on some of these spectacles, as well as on Assel Rustemova's (AR) personal experience growing up in Kazakhstan. Additionally, one holiday celebration (the tenth anniversary of Astana) was observed by both authors. Only two interviews were conducted with members of cultural elites involved with holiday concerts in Kazakhstan (one by each author).
One notable exception was the extensive, multi-day news coverage of the gifts (statues and the like) given to Astana, on the occasion of its tenth anniversary, by each oblast' of Kazakhstan.
LA conversation with a participant in the tenth anniversary celebration and observations of the celebration, Astana, 5 July 2008.
LA, observations of a training seminar for directors from the regions, Tashkent, 27 February 1996. We will return to this point in the next section.
LA, observations of rehearsals and staff meetings for the Independence Day concert, Tashkent, August 1996.
We can say considerably more about the production side of Uzbekistan's holiday concerts since this was a focus of LA's research from 1995 to 2004 (see Adams 2010).
LA, conversations with student participants in the Navro'z concert during rehearsals, Tashkent, 16 March 1996.
LA, interview with a director of various holiday spectacles, Almaty, 19 July 2008.
LA, observations of rehearsals, seminars, and staff meetings for Navro'z and Independence Day, Tashkent, February, March and August 1996. Mary Doi in her book (2002) on dancers in Uzbekistan found that this process of experts and professionals defining regional cultures goes back to the very beginning of the development of Soviet Uzbek culture. She also found that this resulted in a standardisation and homogenisation of dance styles.
LA, conversation with an ensemble director from Syrdarya Viloyat at rehearsals for Independence Day, Tashkent, 9 August 1996.
LA, observations during staff meetings for Independence Day, Tashkent, 16 July, 1 August and 6 August 1996.
‘V Mangistau otmechayut novyi god’, Channel 31, 15 March 2005, available at: http://www.31.kz/31channel/index.php?uin=1103077523&day=15&month=03&year=2005, accessed 2 April 2009.
AR, interview with the chairman of an ethnic minority centre, Almaty, 3 July 2008.
LA, conversation with a director working on Independence Day, Tashkent, 23 July 1996.
Broadcast of ‘Pyatichasovoi’, Channel 31, 23 March 2006.
Leading up to the holiday, LA was in Karaganda while AR was in Almaty, and both spent the holiday itself in Astana. This paragraph is based on our observations during late June and early July 2008.
‘Astana is Destined to Be the Capital’, Astana Akimat, available at: http://www.astana.kz, accessed 5 January 2009.