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Notes
All photographs included in this essay were taken by the author during 2008 and 2009.
This article utilises group interviews with a total of three supporters' groups, alongside one interview with FK Velež employees. The supporters' group interviews were conducted with representatives of each group, all of whom have been involved within their respective organisations for many years. These individuals are referred to using only their first names. The exception to this rule is the interview with FK Velež employees Enes Vukotić and Avdo Kalajdžić, as they were interviewed because of their prominent and public positions within the club.
‘Bosna i Hercegovina u Federativnoj Jugoslaviji’, Oslobođenje, January 1944.
Enes Vukotić, Avdo Kalajdžić and Mirza—FK Velež, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 22 May 2008.
As early as 1962 Kardelj stated: ‘Our Yugoslav socialist community will … be the stronger, the more deeply conscious it is that its unity rests not on any kind of nationalistic ideology but on its socialist self-management, humanist, internationalist and universal conception’ (Kardelj 1981, pp. 137–40). Jović (Citation2003, p. 171) notes that for Tito on the other hand, the ideology of socialism was a tool for securing the unity of Yugoslavia. Tito's views on the national question in Yugoslavia, whilst sharing many similarities with Kardelj, contain important differences (Tito 1983).
A total of 7.9% of Bosnia & Hercegovina's total inhabitants declared themselves Yugoslav in the 1981 census (Bougarel Citation2003, pp. 107–8).
Coke and Mirza—Red Army, FK Velež Mostar Supporters' Group, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 22 May 2008.
Enes Vukotić, Avdo Kalajdžić and Mirza—FK Velež, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 22 May 2008. In Sarajevo the situation was very similar. Maniacs member Željko stated that his group ‘consisted of different religions, different nations—and they did not differentiate between which ethnicity people came from, or what type of praying people did’. Željko, Hamo and Lelja—The Maniacs, FK Željezničar Sarajevo Supporters' Group, group interview with author, Sarajevo, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 23 May 2008.
Miroslav from the author's group interview with Ognjen, Miroslav and Nebojša—Red Firm, FK Vojvodina Supporters' Group, Novi Sad, Serbia, 8 November 2007.
Ognjen from the author's group interview with Ognjen, Miroslav and Nebojša—Red Firm, FK Vojvodina Supporters' Group, Novi Sad, Serbia, 8 November 2007.
Sportski Žurnal, 3 August 1991; Mihajlović (Citation1991).
Sportski Žurnal, 19 August 1991.
Enes Vukotić, Avdo Kalajdžić and Mirza—FK Velež, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 22 May 2008.
Enes Vukotić, Avdo Kalajdžić and Mirza—FK Velež, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 22 May 2008.
Enes Vukotić, Avdo Kalajdžić and Mirza—FK Velež, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 22 May 2008.
Sportski Žurnal, 8 April 1992.
Sportski Žurnal, 8 April 1992.
Sportski Žurnal, 20 August 1991.
Coke and Mirza—Red Army, FK Velež Mostar Supporters' Group, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 22 May 2008.
HŠK Zrinjski Official Website, HŠK Zrinjski History, available at: http://www.hskzrinjski.ba/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=35, accessed 21 May 2008; for a league table of this 1941 NDH Championship see, Podnar (Citation2006, p. 152).
HŠK Zrinjski Official Website, HŠK Zrinjski History, available at: http://www.hskzrinjski.ba/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=35, accessed 21 May 2008; Rolland (Citation2007, p. 197). This ban on the activities of all nationally orientated clubs also resulted in the closure of the Serbian team Slavija Sarajevo, which was also subsequently re-established with the collapse of communism in the early 1990s. Željko, Hamo and Lelja—The Maniacs, FK Željezničar Sarajevo Supporters' Group, group interview with author, Sarajevo, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 23 May 2008.
HŠK Zrinjski Official Website, HŠK Zrinjski History, available at: http://www.hskzrinjski.ba/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=35, accessed 21 May 2008.
HŠK Zrinjski Official Website, HŠK Zrinjski History, available at: http://www.hskzrinjski.ba/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=35, accessed 21 May 2008.
Coke and Mirza—Red Army, FK Velež Mostar Supporters' Group, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 22 May 2008.
The Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Report on the State of Human Rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina—Analysis for January–December 2002 Period, available at: http://www.bh-hchr.org/Reports/reportHR2002.htm, accessed 25 May 2008.
Coke and Mirza—Red Army, FK Velež Mostar Supporters' Group, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 22 May 2008.
Coke and Mirza—Red Army, FK Velež Mostar Supporters' Group, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 22 May 2008.
Coke and Mirza—Red Army, FK Velež Mostar Supporters' Group, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 22 May 2008.
Coke and Mirza—Red Army, FK Velež Mostar Supporters' Group, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 22 May 2008. The interviewees noted that Velež does still have a number of Croat supporters and that Zrinjski, likewise, enjoys the backing of some Muslims.
Enes Vukotić, Avdo Kalajdžić and Mirza—FK Velež, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 22 May 2008.
Ognjen, Miroslav and Nebojša—Red Firm, FK Vojvodina Supporters' Group, group interview with author, Novi Sad, Serbia, 8 November 2007.
The Maniacs Official Website, Joint Union History, available at: http://www.themaniacs.org/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=511&Itemid=99, accessed 21 May 2008.
Coke and Mirza—Red Army, FK Velež Mostar Supporters' Group, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 22 May 2008; Željko, Hamo and Lelja—The Maniacs, FK Željezničar Sarajevo Supporters' Group, group interview with author, Sarajevo, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 23 May 2008.
Anonymous witness, Naletilić and Martinović Transcript, available at: http://www.un.org/icty/transe34/011210ED.htm, accessed 5 July 2008, pp. 7251–52.
Case IT-98-34-T, Mladen Naletilić and Vinko Martinović Amended Indictment, 28 November 2000, available at: http://www.un.org/icty/indictment/english/nal-ai01204e.htm, accessed 5 July 2008; Naletilić and Martinović Transcript, available at: http://www.un.org/icty/transe34/011210ED.htm, accessed 5 July 2008, pp. 7251–52; Naletilić and Martinović Transcript, available at: http://www.un.org/icty/transe34/010925ed.htm, accessed 5 July 2008, pp. 2926–31; Naletilić and Martinović Judgement, 31 March 2003, available at: http://www.un.org/icty/naletilic/trialc/judgement/index.htm, accessed 7 July 2008. The transcripts of the Hague Tribunal reveal that Bosnian Serb forces also made extensive use of football stadiums as detention facilities, execution sites and burial grounds across the territories which they controlled. Case IT-00-39 & 40-PT, Momčilo Krajišnik and Biljana Plavšić Amended Consolidated Indictment, 7 March 2002, available at: http://www.un.org/icty/indictment/english/kra-cai020307e. htm, accessed 3 July 2008; Case IT-00-39-T, Momčilo Krajišnik Transcript, available at: http://www.un.org/icty/transe39/040421ED.htm, accessed 24 July 2008, p. 2385; Honig and Both (Citation1997, pp. 59–60).
Cultural architecture was specifically targeted by ethnic cleansers on all sides of the conflict (Riedlmayer Citation2002; Bevan Citation2006).
Enes Vukotić, Avdo Kalajdžić and Mirza—FK Velež, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 22 May 2008.
Enes Vukotić, Avdo Kalajdžić and Mirza—FK Velež, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 22 May 2008.
Enes Vukotić, Avdo Kalajdžić and Mirza—FK Velež, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 2008; Rolland (Citation2007, p. 197) notes that the lease was granted for 109 years.
Coke and Mirza—Red Army, FK Velež Mostar Supporters' Group, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 22 May 2008.
Enes Vukotić, Avdo Kalajdžić and Mirza—FK Velež, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 22 May 2008.
Coke and Mirza—Red Army, FK Velež Mostar Supporters' Group, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 22 May 2008.
Coke and Mirza—Red Army, FK Velež Mostar Supporters' Group, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 22 May 2008.
The Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Bosnia and Hercegovina, Report on the State of Human Rights in Bosnia and Hercegovina—Analysis for January–December 2002 Period, available at: http://www.bh-hchr.org/Reports/reportHR2002.htm, accessed 25 May 2008.
Coke and Mirza—Red Army, FK Velež Mostar Supporters' Group, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 22 May 2008.
Enes Vukotić, Avdo Kalajdžić and Mirza—FK Velež, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 22 May 2008.
Coke and Mirza—Red Army, FK Velež Mostar Supporters' Group, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 22 May 2008.
Enes Vukotić, Avdo Kalajdžić and Mirza—FK Velež, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 22 May 2008.
Enes Vukotić, Avdo Kalajdžić and Mirza—FK Velež, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 22 May 2008.
Enes Vukotić, Avdo Kalajdžić and Mirza—FK Velež, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 22 May 2008.
Enes Vukotić, Avdo Kalajdžić and Mirza—FK Velež, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 22 May 2008.
Enes Vukotić, Avdo Kalajdžić and Mirza—FK Velež, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 22 May 2008.
Enes Vukotić, Avdo Kalajdžić and Mirza—FK Velež, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 22 May 2008.
Enes Vukotić, Avdo Kalajdžić and Mirza—FK Velež, group interview with author, Mostar, Bosnia & Hercegovina, 22 May 2008.