The Clash of Regionalisms and Caucasian Conflicts

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size

Notes

¹ For the context to this, see Tsygankov (2009a, 2009b).

² Author's interviews with anonymous individuals in the Russian White House, 9 September 1991.

³ For an overview, see Barabanov et al. (2009).

⁴ This is not to suggest that the US, for example, has accepted geopolitical defeat in the region. President Barack Obama took a firm stand on the Georgian question at the 6–7 July 2009 Moscow summit, followed by a visit to Georgia by Vice President Joseph Biden on 22 July.

⁵ For a prescient call to consider recognition of the three south Caucasian proto-republics, see Kolstø and Blakkisrud (2008).

⁶ The jihadist insurgency planned to link up with the Sharia enclave of the Kadar Zone, the Wahhabi communities in the villages of Karamakhi and Chabanmakhi.

⁷ This was the view, for example, of Yasin Rasulov, an ideologue from Dagestan State University, killed in Makhachkala on 10 April 2006 during an operation by special forces (Roshchin 2009).

⁸ The Chechen Republic of Ichkeriya was the name for the historical part of Chechnya conquered by the tsarist army in 1852. It was adopted by Chechen nationalists from the 1990s to symbolise resistance to Russia.

⁹ RFE/RL Russian Political Weekly, 6, 6, 10 March 2006.

¹⁰For overviews of Islam in Russia, see Hahn (2007) and Yemelianova (2002).

¹¹For overviews, see Derluguian (2005), Radnitz (2006), Sagramoso (2007) and Wilhellmsen (2005).

¹²For a discussion of the military aspects of the conflict, see Kramer (2005).

¹³‘Zayavlenie Prezidenta ChRI’, 15 May 2005, available at: http://chechenpress.org/events/2005/05/15/06.shtml, accessed 10 January 2011.

¹⁴ RFE/RL Russian Political Weekly, 6, 6, 10 March 2006.

¹⁵Available at:www.kavkazcenter.com/eng, last accessed 8 October 2008.

¹⁶According to an alternative version, Basaev died in an explosion of faulty munitions as he prepared another terrorist attack.

¹⁷‘Ofitsial'nyi reliz zayavleniya Amira Dokki Umarova o provozglashenii Kavkazskogo Emirata’, Kavkaz tsentr, 21 November 2007, available at: www.kavkazcenter.com/russ/content/2007/11/21/54480.shtml, accessed 10 January 2011.

¹⁸This is one of the works that is often considered representative of the misleading ‘Russian studies’ approach to the Caucasian conflicts.

¹⁹See http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/newstext/news/id/1200657.html, accessed 8 June 2008.

²⁰Available at: http://www.kavkazcenter.com, accessed 8 October 2008.

²¹‘New Details Emerge of Ingush Website Owner's Murder’, RFE/RL, Russia Report, 16 February 2009.

²²‘Zyazikov Accuses US of Destabilizing Ingushetia’, North Caucasus Weekly, 9, 34, 11 September 2008.

²³ Vedomosti, 24 July 2008; Slider (2010).

²⁴ Moscow Times, 12 September 2008.

²⁵‘Kadyrov Accuses US of Fomenting Unrest in the Caucasus’, North Caucasus Weekly, 9, 34, 11 September 2008.

²⁶‘Kadyrov Claims Umarov Gravely Wounded, Accuses US of Subversion’, Jamestown Foundation's Eurasia Daily Monitor, 6, 112, 11 June 2009.

²⁷‘Kavkaz—strategicheskii rubezh Rossii: Beseduyut Prezident Chechenskoi Respubliki Ramzan Kadyrov i glavnyi redaktor gazety “Zavtra” Aleksandr Prokhanov’, Zavtra, 39, 23 September 2009.

²⁸‘Top Kremlin Ideologue Visits Chechnya as Violence Mounts’, AFP, 25 October 2010; Johnson's Russia List, 200, 2010, item 17.

²⁹See, for example, Antero Leizinger, ‘The Circassian Genocide’, Circassian World: Independent web source, available at: http://www.circassianworld.com/new/war-and-genocide/1121-circassian-genocide-leitzinger.html, accessed 10 January 2011.

³⁰‘Nastalo vremya dobivat'sya svoikh natsional'nykh tselei: Prezident Natsional'noi assamblei azerbaidzhantsev Gruzii’, 30 January 2009, available at: http://www.regnum.ru/news/1118358.html, accessed 10 January 2011.

³¹On 11 September 2008 he told the members of the Valdai Club that he sought the republic's entry into the RF, but within a couple of hours he was forced to retract his statement (Samarina 2008, pp. 1, 4).

³²‘What is Ramzan Kadyrov's New Game Plan?’, RFE/RL, Russia Report, 21 May 2009.