Kadyrov's Chechnya—Template, Test or Trouble for Russia's Regional Policy?

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Notes

¹‘Holier than Thou: Ramzan Kadyrov and “Traditional Chechen Islam”’, RFE/RL, available at: http://www.rferl.org/content/Holier_Than_Thou_Ramzan_Kadyrov_And_Traditional_Chechen_Islam_/ 2073626.html, accessed 16 June 2010.

²See http://eng.kremlin.ru/speeches/2008/02/08/1137_type82912type82913_159643.shtml, accessed 31 May 2010.

³For a Russian commentary on Western reactions, see ‘Mirovaya pressa o teraktakh v moskovskom metro’, newsland.ru, 30 March 2010, available at: http://www.newsland.ru/News/Detail/id/481962/, accessed 31 May 2010.

⁴For a detailed analysis of the origins of Kadyrov's style of rule in Chechnya and its likely longevity, see Russell (2008).

⁵‘Is Ramzan Kadyrov's Star on the Wane?’, RFE/RL, 1 February 2010, available at: http://www.rferl.org/articleprintview/1945572.html, accessed 31 May 2010.

⁶‘Putin Acknowledges that not all Chechens are Terrorists', RFE/RL Newsline, 25 June 2002, available at: www.rferl.org/content/Article/1142703.html, accessed 31 May 2010.

⁷See ‘Russia; A Timeline of Terrorism since 1995’, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 30 August 2006, available at: http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1070937.html, accessed 31 May 2010.

⁸For example, the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights' report on the referendum, in March 2003,was entitled ‘The Constitutional Referendum in Chechnya was neither Free nor Fair’, available at: www.osce-ngo.net/030328.pdf, accessed 25 September 2006.

⁹‘Russia: A Timeline of Terrorism since 1995’, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 30 August 2006, available at: http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1070937.html, accessed 31 May 2010.

¹⁰‘Putin Tells the Russians: “We Shall Be Stronger”', The New York Times, 5 September 2004.

¹¹‘Putin: Other North Caucasus Regions “More Worrying” than Chechnya’, Jamestown Foundation's North Caucasus Weekly, 2 February 2006.

¹²‘Chechen Parliament Approves Ramzan Kadyrov as President’, AP, ITAR-TASS report published on 4 March 2006 on Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, available at: http://www.rferl.org/content/Article/1066351.html, accessed 31 May 2010.

¹³‘The Official Version of Amir Dokka's Statement of Declaration of the Caucasian Emirate’, 22 November 2007, available at: http://www.kavkazcenter.com/eng/content/2007/11/22/9107.shtml, accessed 18 June 2010.

¹⁴For the latest information on Politkovskaya's murder, see Committee to Protect Journalists (2010).

¹⁵In August 2010, ostensibly on Kadyrov's own initiative, it was proposed that all heads of state in the constituent republics of the Russian Federation would no longer use the title ‘president’, an honour henceforth to be reserved solely for the Russian head of state: ‘“Glava” zvuchit ne khuzhe, chem “president”’, 29 August 2010, available at: http://www.chechnya.gov.ru/page.php?r=28&id=100, accessed 1 November 2010.

¹⁶‘Is Kadyrov “Re-Islamicizing” Chechnya?’, The Jamestown Foundation's North Caucasus Weekly, 31 October 2008.

¹⁷‘Kadyrov's Horse Wins “President of Russia” Prize’, RFE/RL Transmission, 1 June 2010, available at: http://www.rferl.org/content/Kadyrovs_Horse_Wins_President_Of_Russia_Prize/2059259.html, accessed 18 June 2010.

¹⁸‘Kadyrov's Unlucky Day at the Races’, RFE/RL Transmission, 20 November 2009, available at: http://www.rferl.org/content/Kadyrovs_Unlucky_Day_At_The_Races/1883657.html, accessed 18 June 2010.

¹⁹Vladimir Pribylovskii, of the Panorama political research group, coined this term after the Moscow apartment bombings (Feifer 1999).

²⁰‘NTV ubral iz veshchaniya oskorbitel'nyi dlya chechentsev serial’, APN, 15 June 2010, available at: http://www.apn.ru/news/comments22883.htm#comments, accessed 18 June 2010.

²¹‘ROAR: Medvedev Discusses “Painful Problems” with Human Rights Activists', Russia Today Politics, 24 November 2009, available at: http://rt.com/Politics/2009-11-24/roar-medvedev-human-rights.html, accessed 18 June 2010.

²²‘Medvedev Meets with Local NGO Leaders in Bid to Stabilize North Caucasus', The Jamestown Foundation's Eurasia Daily Monitor, 7, 98, 20 May 2010.

²³‘Oreshkin on Moscow and Kadyrov: Be Careful What You Wish For’, The Jamestown Foundation's North Caucasus Weekly, 8, 14, 5 April 2007.

²⁴‘Is Ramzan Kadyrov's Star on the Wane?’, RFE/RL, 1 February 2010, available at: http://www.rferl.org/articleprintview/1945572.html, accessed 31 May 2010.

²⁵For a good account of both the glitz and the menace, see Feifer (2009).

²⁶FOM—Russia's Public Opinion Foundation poll on ‘Ramzan Kadyrov—Acting President of Chechnya’, published on 1 March 2007 (N=1,500, margin of error >3.6%), available at: http://bd.fom.ru/report/map/projects/dominant/dom0709/domt0709_5/d070923, accessed 20 March 2008.

²⁷For example, Kadyrov was only the third leader in Russia, after Putin and Medvedev, to have been granted an international online conference (on 30 January 2008); see Krechetnikov (2008).

²⁸Jona Lendering, ‘Satraps and Satrapies’, Livius Articles on Ancient History, available at: http://www.livius.org/sao-sd/satrap/satrap.htm, accessed 18 June 2010.

²⁹Taken from an analysis of the role of satraps in British and French colonies in Africa; see ‘Biafra R.I.P.’, The Libertarian Forum, 1 February 1970, available at: http://mises.org/journals/lf/1970/1970_02_01.pdf, accessed 14 July 2007.

³⁰‘Biafra R.I.P.’, The Libertarian Forum, 1 February 1970, available at: http://mises.org/journals/lf/1970/1970_02_01.pdf, accessed 14 July 2007.

³¹‘Medvedev Nominates New Daghestan President’, RFE/RL News, 8 February 2010, available at: http://www.rferl.org/content/Medvedev_Proposes_New_Chief_For_Russias_Daghestan/1952050.html, accessed 18 June 2010.

³²‘Zakaev Praises Kadyrov’, Chechnya Weekly, 9, 20, 22 May 2008.

³³Leahy (2010) claims that presidential aide Sergei Sobyanin took over as Kadyrov's ‘minder’ in the Kremlin. Sobyanin has since become Mayor of Moscow (‘Putin Aide Sobyanin Confirmed as Moscow Mayor’, BBC News, 21 October 2010, available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11602794, accessed 22 October 2010).

³⁴See http://www.russiatoday.ru/news/news/25525, accessed 31 May 2010.

³⁵‘Medvedev Creates New North Caucasus Federal District’, RFE/RL, 20 January 2010, available at: http://www.rferl.org/articleprintview/1934705.html, accessed 31 May 2010.

³⁶‘Is Ramzan Kadyrov's Star on the Wane?’, RFE/RL, 1 February 2010, available at: http://www.rferl.org/articleprintview/1945572.html, accessed 31 May 2010.

³⁷FOM—Russia's Public Opinion Foundation poll on ‘Ramzan Kadyrov—Acting President of Chechnya’, published on 1 March 2007 (N=1,500, margin of error >3.6%), available at: http://bd.fom.ru/report/map/projects/dominant/dom0709/domt0709_5/d070923, accessed 20 March 2008.

³⁸Coltan is an industrial element used widely in mobile phones etc.

³⁹As reported by Kavkaz-Center, see ‘Dmitriya Medvedeva ub”yot snaiper’, 7 March 2008, available at: http://www.kavkaz.org.uk/russ/content/2008/03/07/56823.shtml, accessed 18 June 2010.

⁴⁰See, for example, ‘Statement of Memorial—On Our Work in Chechnya’, 31 May 2007, available at: http://www.memo.ru/2007/06/08/0806071.html, accessed 31 May 2010.

⁴¹As reported on the chechnyafree.ru website, 11 June 2008, available at: http://www.chechnyafree.ru/en/article.php?IBLOCK_ID=354&SECTION_ID=621&ELEMENT_ID=81353, accessed 18 June 2010.

⁴²He made this remark at the Royal United Services Institute in London on 14 May 2008, as part of a panel of which I was a member (see de Waal 2008).

⁴³‘Aeroport Groznogo stal mezhdunarodnym’, RIA-Novosti, 23 November 2009, available at: http://www.rian.ru/economy/20091113/193346634.html, accessed 21 June 2010.

⁴⁴‘Medvedev: “V Chechnyu vernulas' normal'nayu zhizn”’, LifeNews, 14 June 2010, available at: http://lifenews.ru/news/27976, accessed 21 June 2010.

⁴⁵ Itar-Tass, 8 June 2010.

⁴⁶‘Medvedev o Kadyrove: on ne takoi plokhoi mal'chik’, Korrespondent.ru, 15 September 2009, available at: http://korrespondent.net/russia/968192, accessed 21 June 2010.

⁴⁷‘Medvedev Meets with Local NGO Leaders in Bid to Stabilize North Caucasus’, The Jamestown Foundation's Eurasia Daily Monitor, 7, 98, 20 May 2010.

⁴⁸‘Kremlin's “Kadyrov Model” for Chechnya Now Failing’, Ekho Moskvy, 16 September 2009, BBC Monitoring, reproduced in Johnson's Russia List, 18 September 2009.

⁴⁹Government of the Russian Federation, Law approved 6 September 2010, No.1485-r on ‘Strategy for the Social and Economic Development of the North Caucasus Federal District until 2025’, available at: http://www.government.ru/media/2010/10/4/35578/file/1485.doc, accessed 2 November 2010.