Elections, International Observers and the Politicisation of Democratic Values

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Notes

Various grants have contributed towards fieldwork and data materials for the current study, in particular British Academy Small Research Grant SG-40918, UCD Seed Funding Grant SF-149 (held by the author) and ESRC grant RES-000-22-2532 (held by Stephen White and Ian McAllister).

¹This is reproduced in Goodwin-Gill (2006, pp. vii–xi).

²Until 1994, it was called the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE).

³CIS Election Observation Mission, ‘Zayavlenie mezhdunarodnykh nablyudatelei ot Sodruzhestva Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv po rezul'tatam nablyudeniya za provedeniem vyborov deputatov Gosudarstvennoi Dumy Federanl'nogo Sobraniya Rossiiskoi Federatsii ot 7 dekabrya 2003 goda’, available at: http://www.cis.minsk.by/main.aspx?uid=1784, accessed 16 December 2010; CIS Election Observation Mission, ‘Zayavlenie mezhdunarodnykh nablyudatelei ot Sodruzhestva Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv po rezul'tatam nablyudeniya za provedeniem vyborov deputatov Prezidenta Rossiskoi Federatsii ot 14 marta 2004 goda’, available at: http://www.cis.minsk.by/main.aspx?uid=1780, accessed 16 December 2010.

⁴CIS Election Observation Mission, ‘Zayavlenie mezhdunarodnykh nablyudatelei ot Sodruzhestva Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv po rezul'tatam nablyudeniya za podgotovkoi i provedeniem vyborov deputatov Gosudarstvennoi Dumy Federanl'nogo Sobraniya Rossiiskoi Federatsii ot 2 dekabrya 2007 goda’, available at: http://www.cis.minsk.by/main.aspx?uid=1778, accessed 16 December 2010; CIS Election Observation Mission, ‘Zayavlenie mezhdunarodnykh nablyudatelei ot Sodruzhestva Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv po rezul'tatam nablyudeniya za podgotovkoi i provedeniem vyborov deputatov Prezidenta Rossiskoi Federatsii ot 2 marta 2008 goda’, available at: http://cis.minsk.by/main.aspx?uid=11440, accessed 16 December 2010.

⁵Statement by Mr Alexey N. Borodavkin, Representative, Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the OSCE, ‘Declaration by the Member States of the Commonwealth of Independent States Regarding the State of Affairs within the OSCE’, Vienna, Austria, 8 July 2004. Text available from Action Ukraine Report, No. 115 (2004), available at: http://www.usubc.org/AUR/aur4-115.php, accessed 16 December 2010.

⁶‘ODIHR Unable to Observe Russian Duma Elections’, Press Release, 16 November 2007, available at: http://www.osce.org/item/27967.html, accessed 16 December 2010.

⁷ Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 30 November 2007, p. 8.

⁸Off-the-record briefing by a senior official from the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs who was in Dublin during the crisis.

⁹ New York Times, 6 October 2003, p. 8.

¹⁰The term is used to describe phrases that close off debate through careful semantics (Poole 2006, p. 3).

¹¹ Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 28 February 2007, p. 1.

¹² Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 28 February 2007, p. 1.

¹³Interview with OSCE-PA official, 9 October 2008.

¹⁴‘Delegation of Canada to the OSCE, ‘Statement in Response to the Intervention by the Ambassador of the Russian Federation regarding Duma Elections under “Any Other Business”, 685th Meeting of the Permanent Council, 1 November 2007’, PC.DEL/1067/07, 2 November 2007 (available at: http://www.osce.org/pc/28586, accessed 7 February 2011); United States Mission to the OSCE, ‘Cancellation of ODIHR Russian Election Observation Mission’, PC.DEL/1154/07, 22 November 2007 (available at: http://www.osce.org/pc/29074, accessed 7 February 2011); ‘EU Presidency Statement on the OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission to the Russian Duma Elections, 2 December 2007’, PC.DEL/1150/07, 22 November 2007 (available at: http://www.osce.org/pc/29072, accessed 7 February 2011).

¹⁵‘OSCE Chairman Takes Note of ODIHR Decision not to Observe Russian Parliamentary Elections’, Press Release, 16 November 2007, available at: http://www.osce.org/item/28010.html, accessed 16 December 2010.

¹⁶‘Statement by Mr Sergey Lavrov, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, at the Fifteenth Meeting of the OSCE Ministerial Council’, MC.DEL/34/07, 29 November 2007.

¹⁷‘Statement by Mr Sergey Lavrov, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, at the Fifteenth Meeting of the OSCE Ministerial Council’, MC.DEL/34/07, 29 November 2007.

¹⁸National representative survey conducted by Russian Research Ltd (London/Moscow). Part-funded by British Academy Small Research Grant BA-40918, held by the author, with support from the UK Economic and Social Research Council under grant RES-000-22-2532 to Ian McAllister and Stephen White. Fieldwork 30 January–27 February 2008, N = 2,000.

¹⁹National representative survey conducted by Russian Research Ltd, question E.25a (see note 18).

²⁰National representative survey conducted by Russian Research Ltd, question C21 (see note 18).

²¹For an analysis of the Russian electorate's views on how free and fair the process was, see Ian McAllister and Stephen White in this volume.

²²Bulletin EU 3-2004, 17 March 2004, Section 1.6.11; Bulletin EU 5-2005, 12 May 2005, Section 1.2.5. C. Malmström, ‘EU–Russia Relations: European Parliament Resolution on EU–Russia Relations', 26 May 2005, Session Document P6_TA(2005)0207 (2004/2170(INI)), Section 17; Bulletin EU 12-2005, 15 December 2005, Section 1.2.9; Bulletin EU 11-2007, 14 November 2007, Section 1.34.15.