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Abstract
In this essay an evaluation of the content and determinants of the EU's response to the ICJ is provided. Two core questions are addressed: firstly, did the ICJ's judgment alter EU policy towards Kosovo and Serbia and, secondly, was EU policy towards Kosovo and Serbia effective? It is argued that the EU's response to the ICJ's judgment in 2010 has been consistent and effective, but that the underlying determinants of the policy have not changed since 2008. It is argued that the EU's response to the ICJ's judgment in 2010 has been consistent and effective and that the ICJ judgment has had a catalytic effect on the EU's influence over Serbia and the Serbia–Kosovo relationship. Overall, EU policy has been effective, despite being periodically ad hoc.
Notes
1 Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo, International Court of Justice, 2010, p. 43, available at: http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/141/15987.pdf, accessed 8 May 2013.
2 For example, the intensity of Slovakia's preferences is highlighted by Lezová (in this collection) in her analysis of Slovakia's non-recognition of Kosovo, demonstrating how Slovakia's policy is co-determined by its evolving relationship with Hungary and the dynamics of domestic Hungarian minority politics.
3 Annexe 1, UN Security Council Resolution 1244, 1999, available at: http://www.nato.int/kosovo/docu/u990610a.htm, accessed 8 May 2013.
4 UN Security Council Resolution 1244, S/RES/1244, 10 June 1999, available at: http://www.nato.int/kosovo/docu/u990610a.htm, accessed 8 May 2013.
5 UN Security Council Resolution 1244, S/RES/1244, 10 June 1999, available at: http://www.nato.int/kosovo/docu/u990610a.htm, accessed 8 May 2013.
6 Regulation no. 2000/9 on Constitutional Framework to Establish Provisional Institutions of Self-Government in Kosovo, 2001, available at: http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol = S/2005/635, accessed 8 May 2013.
7 UN Secretary-General, letter dated 7 October 2005, S/2005, 635, available at: http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol = S/2005/635, accessed 8 May 2013.
8 ‘Balkan Peace Still Needs EU Enlargement’, European Voice, 31 October 2007, available at: http://europeanvoice.com/article/2007/10/31 Oct/balkan peace, accessed 1 February 2012.
9 ‘Balkan Peace Still Needs EU Enlargement’, European Voice, 31 October 2007, available at: http://europeanvoice.com/article/2007/10/31 Oct/balkan peace, accessed 1 February 2012.
10 Council Joint Action 2008/124/CFSP of 4 February 2008, available at: http://www.eulex-kosovo.eu/en/info/docs/JointActionEULEX_EN.pdf, accessed 8 May 2012.
11 European Commission, Progress Report: Kosovo, 2010, SEC (2010) 1329, Brussels, 9 November, p. 2, available at: http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/potential-candidates/kosovo/financial-assistance/index_en.htm, accessed 8 May 2013.
12 European Commission, Progress Report: Kosovo, 2010, SEC (2010) 1329, Brussels, 9 November, available at: http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/potential-candidates/kosovo/financial-assistance/index_en.htm, accessed 8 May 2013.
13 European Commission, Progress Report: Kosovo, 2010, SEC (2010) 1329, Brussels, 9 November, available at: http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/potential-candidates/kosovo/financial-assistance/index_en.htm, accessed 8 May 2013.
14 European Commission, Progress Report: Kosovo, 2010, SEC (2010) 1329, Brussels, 9 November, available at: http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/potential-candidates/kosovo/financial-assistance/index_en.htm, accessed 8 May 2013.
15 ‘Commission Gets Tough on Membership Bids’, European Voice, 2 November 2006, available at: http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/imported/commission-gets-tough-on-membership-bids/55999.aspx, accessed 8 May 2013.
16 ‘EU to launch Serbian charm offensive’, European Voice, 16 November 2006, available at: http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/imported/eu-to-launch-serbian-charm-offensive/56089.aspx, accessed 6 June 2013.
17 ‘Commission Gets Tough on Membership Bids’, European Voice, 2 November 2006, available at: http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/imported/commission-gets-tough-on-membership-bids/55999.aspx, accessed 8 May 2013.
18 ‘Barroso and Rehn to Court Balkans’, European Voice, 9 February 2006, available at: http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/imported/barroso-and-rehn-to-court-balkans/54082.aspx, accessed 13 May 2013.
19 ‘Barroso and Rehn to Court Balkans’, European Voice, 9 February 2006, available at: http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/imported/barroso-and-rehn-to-court-balkans/54082.aspx, accessed 13 May 2013.
20 International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia (ICTY), Prosecutor's Statement on Serbia's Cooperation with Her Office, 3 October 2007, available at: http://www. icty.org/sid/8838, accessed 8 May 2013.
21 ‘Commission Gets Tough on Membership Bids’, European Voice, 2 November 2006, available at: http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/imported/commission-gets-tough-on-membership-bids/55999.aspx, accessed 8 May 2013.
22 ‘EU Told to Limit Its Future Role in Kosovo’, European Voice, 25 January 2007, available at: http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/imported/eu-told-to-limit-its-future-role-in-kosovo/56583.aspx, accessed 13 May 2013.
23 ‘EU Told to Limit Its Future Role in Kosovo’, European Voice, 25 January 2007, available at: http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/imported/eu-told-to-limit-its-future-role-in-kosovo/56583.aspx, accessed 13 May 2013.
24 ‘EU Told to Limit Its Future Role in Kosovo’, European Voice, 25 January 2007, available at: http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/imported/eu-told-to-limit-its-future-role-in-kosovo/56583.aspx, accessed 13 May 2013.
25 ‘UN Backs Plan for Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo’, Agence France Presse, 26 November 2008.
26 ‘UN Backs Plan for Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo’, Agence France Presse, 26 November 2008.
27 ‘A Rush and a Push and the EU is Ours’, European Voice, 30 April 2008, available at: http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/2008/04/28april5may/a-rush-and-a-push-and-the-eu-is-ours/60602.aspx, accessed 13 May 2013.
28 ‘A Rush and a Push and the EU is Ours’, European Voice, 30 April 2008, available at: http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/2008/04/28april5may/a-rush-and-a-push-and-the-eu-is-ours/60602.aspx, accessed 13 May 2013.
29 ‘Serbia Announces Final Results of May 11 Parliamentary Polls’, RIA Novosti, 21 May 2008.
30 ‘Times Changing Fast in Serbia’, European Voice, 22 July 2008, available at: http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/2008/07/2127/times-changing-fast-in-serbia/61803.aspx, accessed 1 February 2012.
31 Author's interview with senior official, DG1, European Commission, Brussels, 23 February 2012.
32 ‘Secretary-General Tells Security Council Proposal to Reconfigure United Nations Presence in Kosovo Practical, Workable Solution to Divisive, Intractable Issue’, 20 June 2008, available at: http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/sc9366.doc.htm, accessed 13 May 2013.
33 ‘UN Backs Plan for Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo’, Agence France Presse, 26 November 2008.
34 Author's interview with senior official, DG1, European Commission, Brussels, 23 February 2012.
35 Author's interview with senior official, DG1, European Commission, Brussels, 23 February 2012.
36 Author's interview with senior official, DG1, European Commission, Brussels, 6 December 2010.
37 Author's interview with senior official, Irish Permanent Representation to the EU, Brussels, 6 December 2010.
38 Author's interview with senior official, European Commission, Brussels, 6 December 2010.
39 Author's interview with senior official, Irish Permanent Representation to the EU, Brussels, 3 March 2011.
40 Author's interview with senior official, Irish Permanent Representation to the EU, Brussels, 3 March 2011.
41 Author's interview with senior official, European Commission, Brussels, 6 December 2010.
42 Author's interview with senior official, European Commission, 23 February 2012.
43 Author's interview with senior official, Irish Permanent Representation to the EU, Brussels, 3 March 2011.
44 Author's interview with senior official, Irish Permanent Representation to the EU, Brussels, 3 March 2011.
45 UN Regulation no. 2000/9 on Constitutional Framework to Establish Provisional Institutions of Self-Government in Kosovo, available at: http://www.assembly-kosova.org/common/docs/FrameworkPocket_ENG_Dec2002.pdf, accessed 8 May 2013.
46 United Nations General Assembly, ‘Resolution to General Assembly on Request for an Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on Whether the Unilateral Declaration of Independence of Kosovo is in Accordance with International Law’, A/64/L.65?Rev.1, 8 September 2010, available at: http://www.assembly-kosova.org/common/docs/FrameworkPocket_ENG_Dec2002.pdf, accessed 8 May 2013.
47 Author's interview with senior official, European Commission, Brussels, 6 December 2010.
48 Author's interview with senior official, DG1, European Commission, Brussels, 6 December 2010.
49 Author's interview with senior official, Irish Department of Foreign Affairs, Brussels, 7 December 2010.
50 Author's interview with senior official, DG1, European Commission, Brussels, 6 December 2010.
51Progress Report: Serbia, European Commission, SEC(2010) 1330, available at: http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2010/package/sr_rapport_2010_en.pdf, accessed 8 May 2013.
52 Serge Brammertz, address to the Security Council on 6 June 2011, available at: http://www.icty.org/sid/10691, accessed 2 March 2012.
53Progress Report: Serbia, European Commission, SEC(2010) 1330, available at: http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2010/package/sr_rapport_2010_en.pdf, accessed 8 May 2013.
54 Commission Staff Working Paper, Kosovo (under UNSCR 1244/1999), 2011 Progress Report, European Commission, SEC(2011) 1207 final, p. 5, available at: http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2011/package/ks_rapport_2011_en.pdf, accessed 13 May 2013.
55 Commission Staff Working Paper, Kosovo (under UNSCR 1244/1999), 2011 Progress Report, European Commission, SEC(2011) 1207 final, p. 5, available at: http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2011/package/ks_rapport_2011_en.pdf, accessed 13 May 2013.
56 Commission Staff Working Paper, Kosovo (under UNSCR 1244/1999), 2011 Progress Report, European Commission, SEC(2011) 1207 final, p. 5, available at: http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2011/package/ks_rapport_2011_en.pdf, accessed 13 May 2013.
57 ‘EU Postpones Serbia Candidacy Decision until Spring’, RFERL.org, 9 December 2011, available at: http://www.rferl.org/content/eu_postpones_serbia_candidacy_decision/24416646.html, accessed 13 May 2013.
58 ‘Serbia, Kosovo seek deal to end border tension at talks’, EUbusiness.com, 1 December 2011, available at: http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/serbia-kosovo-talks.dsd/?searchterm=serbian, accessed 6 June 2013.
59 ‘Tadic absent as Balkan leaders met on EU integration’, EUbusiness.com, 21 March 2010, available at: http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/balkans-slovenia.3q8, accessed 6 June 2013.
60 ‘Serbia, Kosovo Agree Border Deal’, European Voice, 3 December 2011, available at: http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/2011/december/serbia-kosovo-agree-border-deal/72841.aspx, accessed 13 May 2013.
61 ‘Serbia, Kosovo Agree Border Deal’, European Voice, 3 December 2011, available at: http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/2011/december/serbia-kosovo-agree-border-deal/72841.aspx, accessed 13 May 2013.
62 ‘EU Postpones Serbia Candidacy Decision until Spring’, RFERL.org, 9 December 2011, available at: http://www.rferl.org/content/eu_postpones_serbia_candidacy_decision/24416646.html, accessed 13 May 2013.
63 ‘EU Postpones Serbia Candidacy Decision until Spring’, RFERL.org, 9 December 2011, available at: http://www.rferl.org/content/eu_postpones_serbia_candidacy_decision/24416646.html, accessed 13 May 2013.
64 ‘EU Postpones Serbia Candidacy Decision until Spring’, RFERL.org, 9 December 2011, available at: http://www.rferl.org/content/eu_postpones_serbia_candidacy_decision/24416646.html, accessed 13 May 2013.
65 ‘Agreement reached on Kosovo's regional representation’, SETimes.com, 25 February 2012, available at: http://setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/features/2012/02/25/feature-01, accessed 6 June 2013.
66 ‘Tadic excludes Serb-controlled parts of Kosovo from elections’, European Voice, 15 March 2012, available at: http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/imported/tadic-excludes-serb-controlled-parts-of-kosovo-from-elections/73856.aspx, accessed 6 June 2013.
67 Author's interview with senior official, Irish Permanent Representation to EU, Brussels, 23 February 2012.
68 Author's interview with senior official, Irish Permanent Representation to EU, Brussels, 23 February 2012. This shift was also evident in Northern Ireland in the early 1990s, when the Democratic Unionist Party strongly politicised EU-sponsored cross-border cooperation in a Europe of the Regions, opposing it as it was deemed to be a means of achieving Irish unity through the back door (Tannam, Citation2006). However, they gradually supported EU regional policy and cross-border cooperation within an EU framework and agreed to the Good Friday Agreement (GFA) which provided for institutionalised cross-border policymaking. The GFA negotiations were also based on a de-linkage strategy of dealing only with areas where agreement could be reached, but not altering Northern Ireland's status as part of the UK, despite various other constitutional changes.
69 Author's interview with senior commission, DG1, European Commission, Brussels, 23 February 2012.
70 Author's interview with senior official, Irish Permanent Representation to EU, Brussels, 6 December 2011.
71 The role of domestic bureaucratic capacity in the ‘Europeanisation’ process has been highlighted by Börzel & Risse (Citation2003) and has been applied to the case of Cyprus and conflict resolution by this author (Tannam, Citation2012).
72 Author's interview with senior official, Irish Permanent Representation to EU, Brussels, 23 February 2012.
73 Author's interview with senior official, Irish Permanent Representation to EU, Brussels, 23 February 2012.