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Abstract
The dichotomy of Self/Other prevails in shaping identity. This article asks how and to what extent the elements of the EU’s image produced by media discourse shape the national identity of Kazakhstan. It contends that a state’s identity can be formulated not in opposition—that is, not ‘Us against Them’—but rather, ‘Us as One of Them’. It argues that, in the case of Kazakhstan, the predominantly positive media discourse about the EU ‘Other’ contributes to a positive formulation of the Self via the legitimisation of the domestic regime on the national and international levels.
Notes
1 ‘Mogherini: Europe is a Cultural Superpower. We Need to Use its Force’, Eunews, 10 June 2016, available at: http://www.eunews.it/2016/06/10/mogherini-europe-cultural-superpower-need-use-force/61145, accessed 21 October 2016.
2 The idea of identity construction is derived from Hansen (Citation2006).
3 ‘A Day to Celebrate 100th Issue’, The Astana Times, 10 (100), 25 May 2016, p. A6.
4 See also ‘Telegramma soboleznovaniya’, Kazakhstanskaya Pravda, 135 (28261), 16 July 2016, p. 1; ‘Eýropalyq odaqtyń málіmdemesі’, Egemen Qazaqstan, 110 (28838), 10 June 2016, p. 3.
5 ‘Memleket basshysy Eýropalyq komıssııa tóraǵasymen kezdesti’, Egemen Qazaqstan, 85 (28213), 5 May 2016, p. 1.
6 ‘Eýropalyq odaqtyń málіmdemesі’, Egemen Qazaqstan, 110 (28838), 10 June 2016, p. 3.
7 ‘Memleket basshysy Eýropalyq komıssııa tóraǵasymen kezdesti’, Egemen Qazaqstan, 85 (28213), 5 May 2016, p. 1.
8 See also ‘Svoevremennyi otvet na vyzovy’, Kazakhstanskaya Pravda, 99 (28225), 26 May 2016, p. 1; Zhagiparuli et al. (Citation2016, pp. 1–4).
9 Vremya, 90 (2221), 18 June 2016, available at: http://www.time.kz/articles/zloba/2016/06/17/ostorozhno-grabli, accessed 3 October 2016.
10 Kazakhstanskaya Pravda, 90 (28216), 13 May 2016, p. 27.
11 ‘The Medical University in Astana and La Sapienza’, The Astana Times, 14 (104), 27 July 2016, p. A3.
12 ‘The Medical University in Astana and La Sapienza’, The Astana Times, 14 (104), 27 July 2016, p. A3.
13 In 1964, 5 May was proclaimed by the European Union’s Committee of Ministers as the Europe Day. In the month of May, various events are staged worldwide by the European embassies in cooperation with local partners to familiarise a public with the work of the European institutions and to promote European values.
14 See also ‘Kórmege qatysatynyn rastady’, Egemen Qazaqstan, 92 (28820), 17 May 2016, p. 11.
15 Vremya, 111 (2242), 26 July 2016, available at: http://www.time.kz/articles/mir/2016/07/25/rassipajushajasja-realnost, accessed 3 October 2016.
16 ‘Golodnyi vor—ne prestupnik’, Kazakhstanskaya Pravda, 5 May 2016, available at: https://www.kazpravda.kz/fresh/view/za-schet-protestnogo-elektorata, accessed 29 April 2019.
17 Glyphosate is a herbicide and crop desiccant that has been actively used in agriculture. However, since 2015, when the World Health Organization classified it as ‘probably carcinogenic in humans’ the debates on the use of glyphosate have not stopped.
18 ‘Gretsiya vvedet turisticheskii nalog’, Kazakhstanskaya Pravda, 20 July 2016, available at: https://www.kazpravda.kz/news/mir/gretsiya-vvedet-turisticheskii-nalog, accessed 29 April 2019.
19 ‘Opasnyye marshruty’, Kazakhstanskaya Pravda, 5 May 2016, available at: https://www.kazpravda.kz/fresh/view/za-schet-protestnogo-elektorata, accessed 29 April 2019.
20 ‘Ulybrıtanııalyqtar ekіge jaryldy’, Egemen Qazaqstan, 89 (28817), 12 May 2016, p. 7; ‘Brıtanııa EO-dan shyqqan jaǵdaıda … ’, Egemen Qazaqstan, 92 (28820), 17 May 2016, p. 6; ‘Úshten bіrі EO-dan shyǵýdy qoldaıdy’, Egemen Qazaqstan, 122 (28850), 28 June 2016, p. 5.
21 ‘Avstrııa dıplomatııasynyń usynysy’, Egemen Qazaqstan, 117 (28845), 21 June 2016, p. 7.
22 ‘Bir aptada—700 adam … ’, Egemen Qazaqstan, 102 (28830), 31 May 2016, p. 9.
23 ‘Italııa oppozıtsııasynyń jeńіsі’, Egemen Qazaqstan, 117 (28845), 21 June 2016, p. 7.
24 ‘Barselonada ıtter úshіn jaǵajaı salyndy’, Egemen Qazaqstan, 145 (28873), 30 July 2016, p. 16.
25 For example: ‘Pobedili storonniki Brexit’, Kazakhstanskaya Pravda, 25 June 2016, available at: https://www.kazpravda.kz/fresh/view/pobedili-storonniki-brexit, accessed 2 May 2019; ‘Evropa soberetsya bez Londona’, Kazakhstanskaya Pravda, 25 June 2016, available at: https://www.kazpravda.kz/fresh/view/pobedili-storonniki-brexit, accessed 2 May 2019’; ‘Storonniki vykhoda Velikobritanii iz ES nabrali dostatochno golosov dlya pobedy’, Vremya, 94 (2225), 25 June 2016, available at: https://time.kz/news/mirovye-novosti/2016/06/24/storonniki-vihoda-velikobritanii-iz-es-nabrali-dostatochno-golosov-dlja-pobedi, accessed 2 May 2019.
26 ‘Kazakhstan to Continue Successful Economic Course in Globally-Linked Economy’, The Astana Times, 14 (104), 27 July 2016, p. A6.
27 See also ‘Rezultaty Brexit obsudil Masimov s sovetom direktorov EBRR’, Kazakhstanskaya Pravda, 27 June 2016, available at: https://www.kazpravda.kz/news/ekonomika/rezultati-brexit-obsudil-masimov-s-sovetom-direktorov-ebrr, accessed 2 May 2019.
28 ‘Es i nou’, Vremya, 95 (2226), 27 June 2016, available at: https://time.kz/articles/mir/2016/06/27/es-i-nou, accessed 1 May 2019.
29 ‘Britanochka s vykhodom’, Vremya, 91 (2222), 20 June 2016, available at: https://time.kz/articles/mir/2016/06/20/britanochka-s-vihodom, accessed 2 May 2019.
30 Cited in ‘Ukhod po angliyski: i khochetsya, i koletsya’, Vremya, 99 (22230), 4 July 2016, available at: https://time.kz/articles/mir/2016/07/04/uhod-po-anglijski-i-hochetsja-i-koletsja, accessed 2 May 2019.
31 ‘Es i nou’, Vremya, 95 (2226), 27 June 2016, available at: https://time.kz/articles/mir/2016/06/27/es-i-nou, accessed 1 May 2019.
32 See also: ‘Ustanymyńyz ulttyq múddege saı ma?’, Zhas Alash, 39 (16121), 17 May 2016, available at: http://zhasalash.kz/suhbattar/17304.html, accessed 25 October 2016.
33 See ‘Ostorozhno: grabli!’, Vremya, 90 (2221), 18 June 2016, available at: http://www.time.kz/articles/zloba/2016/06/17/ostorozhno-grabli, accessed 3 October 2016.
34 ‘“Kak ranshe” ne budet’, Vremya, 90 (2221), 18 June 2016, available at: http://www.time.kz/articles/mir/2016/06/17/kak-ranshe-ne-budet, accessed 3 October 2016.
35 The most significant such groups are Greeks, Germans, Polish, Bulgarians, Romanians, Hungarians, Estonians and Finns.
36 ‘Small Kurultai of Kazakhs Held in Europe’, The Astana Times, 10 (100), 25 May 2016, p. B2.
37 The Astana Times, 12 (102), 29 June 2016, p. A6.
38 After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan repatriated 1,410 nuclear warheads to Russia and destroyed the Semipalatinsk nuclear-weapons test site (‘Kazakhstan: Overview. Last Updated: April 2018’, Nuclear Threat Initiative, available at: https://www.nti.org/learn/countries/kazakhstan/, accessed 1 May 2019).
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Kristina Bekenova
Kristina Bekenova, School of Humanities and Social Science, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave., Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan. Email: [email protected]
Neil Collins
Neil Collins, School of Humanities and Social Science, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave., Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan. Email: [email protected]