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Abstract
Overshadowed by their far more numerous counterparts from Donbas, Crimean IDPs have been under-examined and misunderstood. Relying on interviews and focus groups conducted amongst Crimean IDPs, the essay traces the experiences and conditions of Russian occupation that have triggered the migration of Crimeans to mainland Ukraine since 2014. Pointing to how both structural forces and human agency are at play in the political, socio-economic and emotional factors driving their displacement, this essay argues that migration from occupied Crimea to mainland Ukraine—like all migrant flows—is neither exclusively forced nor entirely voluntary.
Notes
1 ‘Oblikovano 1 489 659 Pereselentsiv—Minsotspolityky’, Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine, 5 March 2018, available at: http://www.msp.gov.ua/news/14908.html, accessed 31 July 2019.
2 ‘Ukraine IDP Figures Analysis’, Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, 2015, available at: http://www.internal-displacement.org/europe-the-caucasus-and-central-asia/ukraine/figures-analysis/, accessed 13 March 2018.
3 Interview with Refat Chubarov, Chairman of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, Kyiv, 21 January 2016.
4 ‘Kak v Rossii presleduyut za pryzyvy vernut’ Krym Ukraine?’, Meduza, 19 April 2016, available at: https://meduza.io/cards/kak-v-rossii-presleduyut-za-prizyvy-vernut-krym-ukraine, accessed 13 March 2018.
5 Kodeksy RF, 2014, available at: https://coderf.ru/uk-rf/280.1, accessed 13 March 2018.
6 ‘Russian Court Sentences Ukrainian Filmmaker to 20 Years on Terror Charges’, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 25 August 2015, available at: https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-filmmaker-terrorism-trial-verdict-sentsov/27207681.html, accessed 13 March 2018.
7 Anonymous interview with journalist and ethnic Crimean Tatar woman, 20s, Kyiv, 30 September 2015.
8 ‘Putin nazval prichinu prisoedineniya Kryma k Rossii’, lenta.ru, 9 March 2015, available at: https://lenta.ru/news/2015/03/09/putincrimea/, accessed 13 March 2018.
9 Interview with Olga Skripnik, activist, Kyiv, 14 January 2016.
10 Anonymous interview with ethnic Ukrainian man, 20s, Kyiv, 18 November 2015.
11 ‘Khroniki krymskogo soprotivleniya: Medzhlis prizyvaet boikoyirovat’ “referendum” (video)’, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 6 March 2014, available at: https://www.rferl.org/a/28353112.html, accessed 22 October 2019.
12 Anonymous interview with Crimean Tatar man, 20s, Kyiv, 9 February 2016.
13 ‘Vlasti Kryma ugrozhayut zapretom medzhlisa krymskikh tatar’, Radio Svoboda, 24 September 2015, available at: https://www.svoboda.org/a/27267651.html, accessed 22 October 2019.
14 ‘Sud priznal medzhlis krymskikh tatar ekstremistskoi organizatsiei’, BBC Russia, 26 April 2016, available at: http://www.bbc.com/russian/news/2016/04/160426_mejlis_crimea_court, accessed 13 March 2018.
15 ‘Crimea: Persecution of Crimean Tatars Intensifies’, Human Rights Watch, 14 November 2017, available at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/11/14/crimea-persecution-crimean-tatars-intensifies#, accessed 22 October 2019.
16 Anonymous interview with Muslim man, 30s, Lviv Oblast’, 22 May 2016.
17 ‘Propavshie i pogibshie lyudi za period okkupatsii Kryma’, Crimean Tatar Resource Centre, 2016, available at: https://mip.gov.ua/files/pdf/missing_died_ru.pdf, accessed 31 July 2019.
18 Anonymous interview with Crimean Tatar man, 20s, Kyiv, 9 February 2016.
19 ‘Russia Fears Crimea Water Shortage as Supply Drops’, BBC News, 25 April 2014, available at: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27155885, accessed 14 March 2018.
20 ‘Energoblokada Kryma nachalas’—uchastniki “krymskogo maidana”’, Krym.Realii, 11 October 2015, available at: https://ru.krymr.com/a/27300525.html, accessed 14 March 2018.
21 ‘European Air Traffic Regulator Suspends Flights to Crimea’, TASS, 2 April 2014, available at: http://tass.com/russia/726248, accessed 14 March 2018.
22 Anonymous interview with ethnic Russian man and woman, 30s, Lviv, 16 April 2016.
23 Anonymous interview with Crimean Tatar woman, 20s, Kyiv, 1 October 2015.
24 ‘Visa i MasterCard bol’she ne rabotayut v Krymu’, BBC Russia, 26 December 2014, available at: http://www.bbc.com/russian/international/2014/12/141226_visa_mastercard_crimea, accessed 14 March 2018.
25 Anonymous interview with ethnic Russian woman, 50s, Lviv, 31 March 2016.
26 Anonymous interview with Crimean Tatar man, 40s, Kyiv, 3 February 2016.
27 Anonymous interview with ethnic Ukrainian woman, 40s, Kyiv, 24 February 2016.
28 Anonymous interview with ethnic Russian man, 50s, Kyiv, 31 July 2017.
29 Anonymous interview with ethnic Russian woman, 20s, Kyiv, 3 February 2016.
30 Anonymous interview with Crimean Greek woman, 20s, Kyiv, 5 October 2015.
31 Anonymous interview with Crimean Greek woman, 20s, Kyiv, 5 October 2015.
32 Anonymous interview with Crimean Tatar woman, 20s, Kyiv, 1 October 2015.
33 Anonymous interview with ethnic Russian woman, 30s, Lviv, 25 March 2016.
34 Anonymous interview with Crimean Greek woman, 20s, Kyiv, 5 October 2015.
35 Anonymous interview with ethnic Russian woman, 30s, Lviv, 30 March 2016.
36 Anonymous interview with Crimean Tatar woman, 30s, Drohobych, 6 April 2016.
37 Anonymous interview with ethnic Ukrainian woman, 40s, Kyiv, 24 February 2016.
38 Anonymous interview with ethnic Ukrainian woman, 40s, Kyiv, 24 February 2016.
39 Anonymous interview with ethnic Russian woman, 30s, Lviv, 25 March 2016.
40 For the performance of a well-received song glorifying the memory of Stalin in Sevastopol in August 2015, see ‘Vernite Stalina Pesnia Sergeya Kurochkina Avgust 2015’, You Tube, available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BjHIcUuP-c0, accessed 14 March 2018.
41 Anonymous interview with ethnic Russian woman, 40s, Lviv, 30 March 2016.
42 Interview with Mustafa Dzhemilev, Kyiv, 26 October 2015.
43 Anonymous interview with ethnic Russian man, 40s, Kyiv, 28 October 2015.
44 Anonymous interview with Crimean Tatar man, 50s, Kyiv, 4 February 2016.
45 Anonymous interview with ethnic Russian man, 40s, Lviv, 30 March 2016.
46 Anonymous interview with ethnic Ukrainian woman, 20s, Kyiv, 3 November 2015.
47 Anonymous interview with ethnic Ukrainian man, 30s, Kyiv, 4 February 2016.
48 Anonymous interview with ethnic Russian man, 40s, Lviv, 30 March 2016.
49 Anonymous interview with ethnic Ukrainian man, 40s, Kyiv, 6 November 2016.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Austin Charron
Austin Charron, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Center for Russia, East Europe, and Central Asia, 210 Ingraham Hall, 1155 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Email: [email protected]