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Abstract
This article examines competing Crimean Tatar, Russian and Ukrainian views of Crimean Tatar history as they have developed since the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014, via an examination of popular history and publistika. Crimean Tatar writing insists on the core principle of indigenous rights. In order to marginalise this discourse, Russian historiography adopts a neocolonial settler framing and a mythology of ‘ancient Russian’ Crimea, much of it derived from earlier Tsarist (late nineteenth century) and Soviet (1950s) historiography. Ukraine generally rather neglected the Crimean Tatar issue before 2014, but a new historiography of Crimean Tatar–Cossack cooperation and parallel state-building has emerged.
Notes
1 ‘Address by President of the Russian Federation’, Kremlin.ru, 18 March 2014, available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/20603, accessed 28 July 2020.
2 ‘O chem Dzhemilev i Putin govorili v Marte 2014 goda’, 112.ua, 19 March 2017, available at: https://112.ua/mnenie/o-chem-dzhemilev-i-putin-govorili-v-marte-2014-goda-378469.html, accessed 28 July 2020.
3 ‘Ukaz Prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii ot 21 aprelya 2014 g. N 268 “O merakh po reabilitatsii armyanskogo, bolgarskogo, grecheskogo, krymskotatarskogo narodov i gosudarstvennoi podderzhke ikh vosrozhdeniya i razvitiya”’, Rossiiskaya gazeta, 23 April 2014, available at: https://rg.ru/2014/04/21/reabilitaciya-site-dok.html, accessed 28 July 2020.
4 ‘Konstitutsiya Respubliki Krym’, Rossiiskaya gazeta, 13 April 2014, available at: https://rg.ru/2014/05/06/krim-konstituciya-reg-dok.html, accessed 28 July 2020.
5 ‘Russian Lawmakers Approve in Initial Reading Expanded “Extremism” Law Aimed at Crimea’, RFE/RL, 14 July 2020, available at: https://www.rferl.org/a/russian-lawmakers-approve-in-initial-reading-expanded-extremism-law-aimed-at-crimea/30726188.html, accessed 21 August 2020.
6 ‘Human Rights in Crimea. Rollback Three Centuries’, 2018, available at: http://crimeamap.krymsos.com/eng/map.html, accessed 1 May 2020.
7 ‘Pro Zaiavu Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy shchodo harantii prav krymsk’kotatars’koho narodu u skladi Ukrains’koi Derzhavy’, Rada website, 20 March 2014, available at: http://zakon3.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1140-18, accessed 28 July 2020.
8 ‘Pro vyznannia henotsydu kryms’kotatars’koho narodu’, Rada website, 12 November 2015, available at: http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/792-19, accessed 28 July 2020.
9 ‘Postanova Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. Pro Zvernennia Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy do mizhnarodnykh orhanizatsii ta parlamentiv inozemnykh derzhav shchodo zasudzhennia i nevyznannia zaborony Rosiis’koiu Federatsiieiu Medzhlisu kryms’kotatars’koho narodu ta shchodo zakhystu korinnoho narodu Krymu mizhnarodnym spivtovarystvom’, Rada website, 5 October 2016, available at: http://zakon3.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1652-19, accessed 28 July 2020.
10 ‘Proekt Zakony pro status Kryms’kotatars’koho narodu v Ukraini’, Rada website, 29 August 2019, available at: http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=66511, accessed 28 July 2020.
11 ‘Monografiyu o pervom Kurultae predstavili na Knizhnom arsenale’, QHA, 1 June 2018, available at: http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/obschestvo/monografiyu-o-pervom-kurultae-predstavili-na-knijnom-arsenale/193023/, accessed 28 July 2020.
12 ‘Deklaratsiya o natsional’nom suverenitete krymskotatarskogo naroda’, Advet, no. 15–16, 11 July 1991.
13 ‘Dzhemilev: Pravo na samoopredelenie mozhet byt’ tol’ko u korennogo naroda—krymskikh tatar’, Zerkalo nedeli, 1 April 2014, available at: https://zn.ua/POLITICS/dzhemilev-pravo-na-samoopredelenie-mozhet-byt-tolko-u-korennogo-naroda-krymskih-tatar-142352_.html, accessed 31 July 2020.
14 Gulnara Abdulaeva/Gülnar Abdulla has two video blogs, Tugra (‘The Seal’, available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zyZYYjRG-sU, accessed 18 December 2020) and Altyn Devir (‘Golden Age’, available at https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwF7HYN0GzuRlKxkSV1v3tA, accessed 18 December 2020).
15 See also Bekirova (Citation2017, p. 16).
16 Much is only publistika (political commentary). The two books quoted most often in this article are Chernyakhovskii and Chernyakhovskaya, The Vortex of Crimea. Crimea in Russian History and the Crimean Self-identification of Russia (Citation2015), and Shirokorad, Crimea-2014. How it Was (Citation2015).
17 See the bulletins of the Tavricheskaya Scientific Archival Commission established in 1887 at Bibliotheca Chersonessitana, available at: www.library.chersonesos.org/showsection.php?section_code=1, accessed 26 November 2020.
18 ‘Perepis’ naselenniya v Krymskom federal’nom okruge’, 17 July 2014, available at: https://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/perepis_krim/perepis_krim.html, accessed 30 July 2020.
19 ‘Sevastopol–Crimea–Russia’, organisation archive available at: http://sevkrimrus.narod.ru/, accessed 30 July 2020.
20 For a critique of Grekov, see Filimonov (Citation2007).
21 Email correspondence with Il’ya Zaets, Russian historian, 30 June 2018.
22 Author’s interview with Serhii Hromenko, Kyiv, 31 May 2018.
23 ‘Istoricheskaya spravka. Simferopol’skaya i Krymskaya (byvshaya Tavricheskaya) eparkhiya osnovana 16 noyabrya v 1859 godu’, available at: http://crimea-eparhia.ru/index.php/main/history, accessed 30 July 2020.
24 ‘V. Putin: Krym, gde prinyal kreshchenie knyaz’ Vladimir, imeet dlya nas sakral’noe znachenie’, Pravolslavie.ru, 4 December 2014, available at: http://pravoslavie.ru/75632.html, accessed 30 July 2020.
25 ‘Svyatoi apostol Andrei Pervozvannyi’, Crimea-palomnik.ru, available at: https://crimea-palomnik.ru/saint/svyatoy-apostol-andrey-pervozvannyy, accessed 12 June 2020.
26 ‘Uchenye nakhodyat sledy prebyvaniya Andreya Pervozvannogo v Krymu’, First Channel News, 14 September 2016, available at: https://tvkultura.ru/article/show/article_id/156445/, accessed 2 February 2021.
27 See also Kochegarov (Citation2014).
28 ‘Krymskie korni bogini Devy’, Slava Sevastopolya, 11 August 2016, available at: https://slavasev.ru/2016/08/11/krymskie-korni-bogini-devy/, accessed 30 July 2020.
29 Author’s interview with Serhii Hromenko, Kyiv, 31 May 2018.
30 See also Chernyakhovskii and Chernyakhovskaya (Citation2015, p. 140).
31 Author’s interview with Kelly O’Neill, Cambridge, MA, 17 April 2018.
32 ‘Litva’ is the medieval name for the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
33 ‘Uchebnik istorii krymskikh tatar pishut v Kazani’, BBC Russian Service, 11 November 2014, available at: www.bbc.com/russian/international/2014/11/141111_crimean_tatars_history_book_tatarstan, accessed 30 July 2020.
34 ‘Russko-krymsko tatarskii soyuz’, Gumilev Centre, 30 January 2014, available at: www.gumilev-center.ru/russko-krymskotatarskijj-soyuz/, accessed 30 July 2020.
35 ‘Putin napomnil krymskim tataram, chto greki v Krymu byli ran’she’, Glavkom, 16 May 2014, available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=yn5hEkRT3S0, accessed 30 July 2020.
36 ‘Razboino-paraziticheskoe Krymskoe khantsvo i bor’ba s nim’, Voennoe obozrenie, 15 January 2014, available at: https://topwar.ru/38122-razboyno-paraziticheskoe-krymskoe-hanstvo-i-borba-s-nim.html, accessed 30 July 2020.
37 Author’s interview with Kelly O’Neill, Cambridge, MA, 17 April 2018.
38 Author’s interview with Serhii Hromenko, Kyiv, 31 May 2018.
39 ‘Kazaki i Tatary’, Russkaya istoricheskaya biblioteka, available at: http://rushist.com/index.php/russia-children/1511-kazaki-i-tatary, accessed 31 July 2020.
40 See also Vinogradov (Citation2017).
41 ‘Chto ne tak s pamyatnikom Aleksandru III’, Ekho Mosvky blog, 19 November 2017, available at: https://echo.msk.ru/blog/echomsk/2095334-echo/, accessed 30 July 2020.
42 For a Soviet-era iteration of this myth, see Vergasov (Citation1969).
43 See the critique by Sergei Gromenko (Citation2016c).
44 ‘Aksenov: Te, kto zayavlyayut o narusheniyakh prav krymskikh tatar—predateli’, regnum.ru, 30 March 2018, available at: https://regnum.ru/news/2398141.html, accessed 30 July 2020.
45 ‘Novyi uchebnik “Istoriya Kryma” oskorbil krymskikh tatar’, Argumenty nedeli Krym, 13 February 2019, available at: https://an-crimea.ru/page/news/175717?fbclid=IwAR15ie2DfPsgSt4YFtTRVOoTqsUzNIhMobe9wnwYYqJ-G8vOffJ8aJGZyQs, accessed 30 July 2020.
46 See also Kołodziejcyk (Citation2006).
47 ‘Russko-krymsko tatarskii soyuz’, Gumilev Center, 30 January 2014, available at: www.gumilev-center.ru/russko-krymskotatarskijj-soyuz/, accessed 30 July 2020. Zarifullin is pictured posing with a statue of Ismail Gasprinskii.
48 See Zair Akadyrov’s [Bakkal] post on Facebook, 8 March 2019, available at: www.facebook.com/zair.bakkal/posts/10211354644621847, accessed 1 July 2020.
49 ‘Miniaiaut’ naselennia: staly vidomi masshtaby pereizdu rosiian do Krymu’, Obozrevatel, 21 May 2018, available at: www.obozrevatel.com/ukr/crime/minyayut-demografiyu-stali-vidomi-masshtabi-pereizdu-rosiyan-do-krimu.htm, accessed 31 July 2020.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Andrew Wilson
Andrew Wilson, Professor of Ukrainian Studies, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London, London, UK. Email: [email protected]