Applying the means-end chain theory and the laddering technique to the study of host attitudes to tourism

Abstract

Scholars investigating local residents’ attitudes toward tourism have often used different types of measurement procedures based on positivistic paradigms, while very few researchers have based their studies on purely qualitative approaches. This paper introduces and discusses a qualitative method known as the means-end theory and its associated laddering technique, which can be used to investigate host attitudes to tourism. The laddering technique, based on the means-end approach is recommended to understand values, which influence attitudes, since from a social psychology discourse, values are considered as antecedents of attitudes and opinions. It is argued that through an understanding of the personal values of the respondents, it is possible to have a different perspective on their attitudes and opinions toward tourism. The authors are not claiming that such an approach is superior to other measurement procedures and research paradigms, but argue that the means-end theory and the laddering technique have considerable potential to shed light on issues surrounding this research area. Despite the limitations associated with such methods, it is argued that laddering based on means-end theory deserves further investigation and empirical testing by scholars investigating local residents’ attitudes to development.

Keywords:

• host attitudes
• tourism
• values
• means-end
• laddering
• qualitative technique

Notes

*Indicates studies that rely solely on qualitative methods (N = 13).

**Indicates studies where the qualitative methods are used to inform the quantitative data collection (N = 7).

***Indicates studies that rely solely on quantitative approaches (N = 46).