Adopting and implementing a transactive approach to sustainable tourism planning: translating theory into practice

Abstract

This paper builds on the developing literature on stakeholder engagement, community participation and transactive planning for sustainable tourism. The attributes and conditions needed to foster effective partnerships in strategic tourism planning are discussed, and links to social learning explained. Practical applications of these concepts are demonstrated through case analyses of two-year-long strategic tourism planning processes undertaken for the Australian destination regions of Daylesford and Hepburn Springs (Victoria) and Byron Shire (New South Wales) during 2007–2008. Both used a comprehensive approach to stakeholder engagement, using a transactive planning approach that sought to establish a participatory and inclusive framework for stakeholders to engage in multi-loop learning and corresponding action to achieve sustainable tourism planning outcomes. A seven-stage stakeholder engagement process was used, bringing together stakeholder consultation workshops, setting up a destination planning website to accept broader community input, as well as creating Stakeholder Reference Groups and citizen's juries. The process continued with consultation reports, workshops, draft plans and the communication and implementation of the final plan. The outcomes of the two planning processes were, however, very different, demonstrating the complexity of working in dynamic socio-political contexts, with greater success for the concept of “enabler” organisations and problems for “provider” organisations.

对可持续性旅游规划采用和实施中介化方法：理论到实践

该文章是建立在利益相关者参与，社区参与和可持续性旅游的中介化规划相关的一直不断发展的文献上的。在战略性旅游规划中帮助达到有效合作关系的属性和条件都在文章中提到。这些条件和社会学习的关系也有解释。这些概念的实际应用是通过在2007-8年中以澳大利亚目的地地区Daylesford和Hepburn温泉区（维多利亚）和Byron Shire（新南威尔士）进行的两年之久的战略性旅游规划过程为例来表现出来的。这两个地方都对利益相关者的参与采用了一种很全面的手段，那就是用中介化方法来寻求建立一种参与性的和广泛性的框架，该框架帮助利益相关者参与到多样化的学习和用相关行动来达到可持续性旅游规划的结果。文章用了利益相关者参与过程的七步骤来将利益相关者咨询研讨会联接起来，设立一个目的地规划网站来接受更广的社区投入，加上创立利益相关者评估小组和群众评估团。该过程接着继续加强咨询报告，研讨会和规划草稿和最后规划的交流与实施。这两个规划的结果却是非常不同地展示了在多层面的社会政治环境中工作的复杂性，而对那些称为“推动者”组织的概念形成和对“供应者”组织所经历的问题的发现有很大的成功。

Keywords:

• collaborative planning
• sustainable tourism
• social learning

Keywords:

• 合作型规划
• 可持续性旅游
• 社会学习

Notes

1. A level-one destination is defined as a destination that attracts a strong mix of international, interstate and intrastate visitors and particularly demonstrates international appeal matched to Victoria's key product strengths.

2. A sea change locality is a place that attracts tourists for holidays and then attracts some of those people to move permanently to that locality for lifestyle reasons.