A typology of governance and its implications for tourism policy analysis

Abstract

Governance is a key concept in politics and public policy that is increasingly utilised in tourism. Using the notion of “policy as theory”, a typology of governance suitable for tourism is systematically developed. Categorical variables are developed from the relationship between state intervention and self-regulation and the relationships between policy actors and steering modes. The resultant matrix identifies four governance types: hierarchies, markets, networks and communities. A 12-point framework of governance identifies core elements, including classifying characteristics, policy themes, policy standpoints, democratic models, primary focus, views of non-central actors, distinctions between policymaking and implementation, success criteria, implementation gaps, the reasons and solutions for those gaps and the primary policy instruments used. An example of the application is provided using an analysis of state party's implementation of the 1993 Convention on Biological Diversity. It is concluded that clear categorical variables contribute to improved formulation and evaluation of explanatory claims, help clarify key concepts and assist in the comparative analysis of governance and tourism policy between jurisdictions and over time.

框架政策治理理论：政策治理的一种类型和对旅游政策分析的含意

政策治理是政治和公共政策里的主要概念，并越来越多地用在旅游里。以“政策作为理论”为概念的一种非常适合旅游的治理类型在逐渐系统化地发展着。范畴化可变因素在政府干预和自我治理之间的关系，还有政策制订相关者和知道委员会形式之间的关系下形成的。结论的矩阵显示出四种政策治理类型：登记制度，市场，系统和社区。一种治理的12点框架确认了一系列的主要元素，包括特性分类，政策主题，政策立场，民主模式，主要聚焦，非中心的利益相关看法，政策制订和实施的区别，成功的标准，实施的缺陷，这些缺陷的原因和解决方法，和使用的主要政策手段。1993年生物多样化会议的政府党派实施的分析在文章中作为一个例子运用。结论总结了清楚的类别可变因素能帮助解释分析，阐明主要概念，并且帮助在不同时间下的不同管辖区域中的政策治理和旅游政策的对比分析。

Keywords:

• tourism governance
• typology
• communitarianism
• policy instruments
• state intervention
• implementation

Keywords:

• 旅游治理
• 兼重公民个人权益与个人社会义务之政治理论
• 类型
• 政策手段
• 政府干预
• 实施

Acknowledgement

The assistance of Sandra Wilson in undertaking the analysis of national reports is gratefully acknowledged as are the valuable comments of the three anonymous referees.

Notes

This is a term used by political scientists to describe a partnership of interest groups that come together for mutual support, usually consisting of elected politicians, state regulatory agencies and industry groups.