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Abstract
Despite globally increasing interest in restoring local-level management of natural resources, few studies examine differences between residents’ and tourists’ place connections and implications for community-based natural resource management. This article reports findings from a survey (n = 264) in Haena, Kauai, Hawaii, where resource management is shifting from state-level government to local residents. Tasked with creating new, local-level rules governing use of coastal resources, Haena community members must consider the perspectives, resource use, and values of residents as well as of multiple, diverse user groups including the burgeoning tourist population. We found significant differences in how residents and tourists learn about the area; the activities in which they engage; their perceptions of resource health; who they think is responsible for caretaking of resources; and their views of personal responsibilities to the place. The findings have implications for local-level resource management and use of popular tourist destinations including the importance of guidebooks in mediating visitor perceptions of a place, the possibility of concurrent but separate visitor and resident use of the same area, visitors’ and residents’ sense of responsibility to mitigate impacts of their actions, and the potential of engaging residents’ place caretaking preferences toward more organized community-based resource management efforts.
为社区基准的资源管理区分旅游者居民看法的一些意义：一个夏威夷海滨资源地区案例
尽管对恢复自然资源的地方性管理有着全球化逐渐上升的兴趣，很少有研究检验居民和旅游者在社区基准的自然资源管理问题上的地区相连性和意义。该文章报告了从一个在夏威夷可爱岛的哈耶纳做的问卷调查（）中得到的结果。该地方的资源管理正在从国家政府转换到当地居民。担负着利用沿海资源创造新的，地方一级的管理规则这样的任务，哈耶纳社区成员必须考虑居民和多个不同使用人群包括蓬勃发展的旅游者他们的看法，资源使用，和价值。我们发现居民和旅游者对地方的理解；他们参与的活动；他们对资源健康的看法；他们认为谁应该对资源照顾负责；和他们对个人地区责任感的看法这些问题上都有着很大的不同。结论对地方一级资源管理和热门的旅游目的地的使用都有着很大的意义。这包括旅游指南对调解参观者对地方的看法的重要性，对并发的但可以分开处理参观者和居民使用同样地区的可能性，参观者和居民对减轻他们行为造成的影响的责任感，对连接居民地方看管的偏好向着更有组织性的社区基准资源管理的潜力。
Notes
1Hawaiian language includes two diacritical marks guiding pronunciation: a macron over vowels to lengthen them and an okina between vowels, which causes a break in the voice. For example, if using diacriticals, Hawaii would be Hawai’i. The place name Haena should be pronounced with a long vowel sound on the first A, and a slight break in the voice between that A, and the E. This paper follows the style of twentieth-century Hawaiian texts, omitting diacriticals.
2Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) is also referred to as community-based resource management (CBRM) or community-based resource governance (CBRG). We use the term CBNRM, but acknowledge the inadequacy of the term “management” when referring to natural resources in Hawaii, where members of the indigenous culture view these resources as kin (Andrade, Citation2008; McGregor,1996; Poepoe et al., Citation2006). When referring to natural resources, Hawaiians use the term “malama”, which means to “take care of, protect, preserve, and serve” a place and its resources (Puku`i & Elbert, 1971).
3Taro, called “kalo”, is a Hawaiian staple crop and is a root vegetable similar to a potato. Taro is grown in dry-land garden beds and irrigated paddies. It is used to make poi and figures prominently in Hawaiian creation stories.
4We originally aimed to complete 250 surveys and chose five responses as our threshold for adding an answer to our code list in order to analyze all answers given by 2% or more of survey respondents.
5Cross-tab analysis revealed that findings regarding resident and tourist perspectives were the same in winter and summer, despite different weather and surf conditions as well as differing tourist demographics with more international and East Coast tourists in the winter months versus more domestic and West Coast tourists during the summer.
6We conducted 11 surveys with part-time residents. Because of the small group size, we combined part-time resident responses with resident responses for all analyses.
7Reliance upon observation to learn about Haena once there is the only finding reported in the text that was not significantly different between resident and tourist populations, and is therefore not included in .
8These two responses (enforcing rules and helping to keep others safe) do not meet chi-square requirements for number of cells because of the small number of tourists selecting them.
9One elder recalls being taught to walk high up the beach, in the tree line, rather than along the shore, to avoid disrupting fish (personal communication, July 2007).
10An additional survey question not discussed in this article indicates a possible revenue source of CBNRM-related activities in Haena such as monitoring, interpretation, and education. We asked respondents if they would be willing to pay $5 per person to visit Haena. Tourists were more willing than residents to pay, but for both the groups, willingness to pay increased substantially if the majority of that fee was used to care for the area. These findings are consistent with other willingness-to-pay studies in protected areas, such as Kyle et al. (Citation2003), who found willingness to be based on individuals’ relationships with the place as well as intended use of the fees.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Mehana Blaich Vaughan
Mehana Blaich Vaughan is an assistant professor in the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management at the University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States. Her research interests are natural resource policy, collaborative and community-based resource management, and place-based education.
Nicole M. Ardoin
Nicole M. Ardoin is an assistant professor in the Graduate School of Education and Woods Institute for the Environment at Stanford University, CA, United States. Her research interests are in environmental learning, sense of place, and environmental behavior.