Protected Areas in an era of global–local change

Abstract

This review article advances debate and research on the global–local nexus that shapes, and increasingly determines, the existence of Protected Areas (PAs) and their function as areas of high conservation value as well as tourism destinations. The demands on PAs have grown from an initial focus on facilitating recreation experiences and species and habitat protection, to more inclusive and participatory approaches that seek to safeguard ecological services whilst also supporting regional and national livelihoods. We propose that the simultaneous analysis of global and local drivers of change will generate a deeper understanding of impact processes and response implications. To this end, a draft framework for better understanding the global–local nexus of PAs is developed and tested through a Delphi sketching approach to 20 experts in least developed, newly industrialised and developed countries. Key challenges, implications and opportunities for PA management and governance, and for tourism development at local and global levels (and their interactions), are discussed in follow-up papers to this review, including research priority areas, the measurement of tourism numbers, economic impact modelling, private PAs, the changing roles of zoning, the need for flexible, inclusive and accountable governance structures, and for better understanding of tourist behavioural change mechanisms.

全球-当地改变的时代中的保护区域

该评论文章将提高全球-当地关系的讨论和研究来形成，并且更多地决定保护区（PAs）的存在和他们作为高保存价值和旅游目的地的功能。Pas的需求也从一个最初的帮助娱乐经历和物种保护的重点，发展到为寻求保护生态服务同时也支持区域和国家生活环境的更具包容性和参与型的方法。我们建议对全球和当地的改变因素进行同时分析将产生对影响过程和反映意义的一个更深的理解。一个为了更好理解PA的全球-当地关系初稿框架发展出来并通过Delphi秒速方法对最不发达的新工业化和发达的国家里的20名专家测试。为PA管理和治理的主要的挑战意义和机会，和为当地和全球范围（和他们之间的关系）的旅游发展在该评论之后的后续文章中都有讨论到，包括研究优先区域，对旅游数量的衡量，经济影响模型化，私有PAs，分区的不断改变的职责，对流动的全面和可衡量的治理结构的需求，和对旅游者行为改变机制更好的理解。

Keywords:

• global change
• cross-scale
• Protected Areas
• governance

关键词:

• 保护区域
• 全球化
• 国家公园

Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge Dr Stephen Espiner's important input into the conceptualisation of the draft framework and his contribution to the expert enquiry.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Susanne Becken

Dr Susanne Becken is a professor of sustainable tourism at Griffith University, Australia, and an adjunct professor at Lincoln University, New Zealand. Susanne is on the editorial boards of Annals of Tourism Research, Journal of Travel Research, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, and the Tourism Review. She is as a contributing author to the Fourth and the Fifth IPCC Assessment Reports and is actively involved in debates on climate change, resilience, risk management and tourism.

Hubert Job

Dr Hubert Job is a professor of geography at Wuerzburg University, Germany. His area of expertise is tourism and PAs, and impacts on regional development, in particular in Central Europe and Africa. Dr Job is an elected member of the German Academy for Spatial Research and Planning and an appointed member of the German National Committee for the UNESCO programme on Man and the Biosphere.