Cultural sustainability and fluidity in Bhutan's traditional festivals

Abstract

This paper engages the “culture gap” in the sustainable tourism literature by addressing issues of cultural sustainability through an investigation of traditional festivals in Bhutan. Cultural sightseeing is the major motivation for tourism to Bhutan, and religious festivals are among the primary contexts within which local people and tourists interact. Tourism brings forces of modernization and globalization into contact with traditional practices, with various consequences. Based primarily on on-site observation of religious festivals, and interviews with Bhutanese monks and abbots, this paper explores the incursion of modernization into traditional festivals. Bauman's concept of "liquid modernity" is applied to articulate the intertwining of traditional and modern practices and frames of reference in constantly changing ways. This leads to a critical discussion of how the case of Bhutan’s festivals reveals the necessity of seeing cultural sustainability in fluid and evolutionary terms, especially in our “liquid modern” times. Foreign tourists and local youth are identified as particular agents of liquid modernism in the religious festivals, bringing perspectives and behaviors that diverge from those of the traditional society within which the meaning and practices of these festivals are rooted, which in turn affects the performance and performers of the dances.

Keywords:

• Tourism
• cultural sustainability
• religious festivals
• fluidity
• liquid modernity
• Bhutan

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest is reported by the author.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Wantanee Suntikul

Dr Wantanee Suntikul is an Assistant Professor at the School of Hotel and Tourism Management at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Her core research interest and expertise are in cultural tourism destinations, political and social aspects of tourism development, religion tourism, heritage tourism, and gastrodiplomacy and tourism. She holds projects in Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, China, Hong Kong, Macao and Bhutan. Dr Suntikul’s recent books include “Tourism and Political Change,” “Tourism and Political Change” (2nd ed.), “Tourism and War,” and “Tourism and Religion: Issues and Implication.” Dr Suntikul is also Joint Editor-in-Chief of the journal “Tourism, Culture & Communication.”