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Abstract
In a tourism industry historically dominated by outside influences, the island of Bali has striven for greater local resident involvement. Community-based tourism (CBT) has thereby become an increasingly preferred tourism development approach rooted in promises of more inclusive opportunities for community empowerment, a notion reflected in the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Drawing upon SDG17 – Partnerships for the Goals – and specifically focusing on SDG17.9 – Capacity building, SDG17.14 – Enhancing policy coherence for sustainable development, and SDG17.16 and SDG17.17 – Multi-stakeholder partnerships, this paper investigates the “social empowerment” that results from interactions between CBT actors, and the factors that support or hinder residents’ empowerment through CBT in rural Bali. This paper presents empirical evidence from an ethnographic study in three villages at different stages of tourism development. Through a generative conceptualisation of power, embedded in the rather hierarchical Balinese socio-cultural context, this paper contributes new understandings of empowerment in CBT, particularly the extent to which partnerships and collaborations create spaces for residents’ empowerment and greater inclusion for sustainable CBT development, in line with Agenda 2030.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge the support received throughout the study by all participants in Bali and express gratitude to them for providing free of their time and information for this study.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Claudia Dolezal
Claudia Dolezal (PhD) is a Senior Lecturer in Tourism at the IMC University of Applied Sciences in Krems, Austria. Her research interests include tourism for development, community-based tourism, people’s empowerment, community-driven development from below and the anthropology of tourism. She is specifically interested in the ways marginalised groups use tourism for empowerment, as well as the multi-faceted power dynamics that shape the tourism encounter in tourism settings of both the developed and developing world, with a geographical focus on the region of Southeast Asia, and most recently London and Latin America. Claudia is on the editorial board of the Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies (ASEAS) and lead editor of the book “Tourism and Development in Southeast Asia” by Routledge (2020). Email: [email protected]
Marina Novelli
Marina Novelli (PhD) is Professor of Tourism and International Development at the University of Brighton (UK). She is an internationally renowned tourism policy, planning and development expert, having plaid core advisory roles for the World Bank, the EU, UNESCO, UNIDO, the UN World Tourism Organisation, the Commonwealth Secretariat, National Ministries and Tourism Boards, Regional Development Agencies and NGOs in Europe, Africa and Asia. She is Academic Lead for the University of Brighton Responsible Futures’ Research and Enterprise Agenda, which is aimed at fostering interdisciplinary and international collaborations in areas associated with the SDGs – https://www.brighton.ac.uk/research-and-enterprise/brighton-futures/responsible-futures.aspx. She is globally known for her research on niche tourism, tourism for sustainable development in developing and emerging economies and overtourism. Her work has demonstrated to have impact far beyond tourism by contributing to more effective economic growth, improved environments and more inclusive societies. Email: [email protected]