![Sample our Humanities journals, sign in here to start your FREE access for 14 days]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/5939/TOC-Subject-Sample-2021-Humanities.jpg"})
Notes
1. Friel, The Home Place.
2. Friel, The Home Place, 68.
3. CitationHaddon, ‘Studies in Irish Craniology’. This paper was one of a pair that resulted from work by Haddon and Brown on the Aran Islands. See CitationHaddon and Browne, ‘The Ethnography of the Aran Islands, County Galway’.
4. CitationCunningham and Haddon, ‘The Anthropometric Laboratory of Ireland’.
5. CitationScott Ashley traces the intimate relationships between romanticism and anthropology in the work of Haddon and Brown in his ‘The Poetics of Race in 1890s Ireland’. Ashley argues that the ambivalences in Haddon and Browne's work on the Aran Islands and its avoidance of a discourse of Irish racial inferiority both reflected this romanticism and Haddon's own equivocations on the question of race. He later co-authored an important critique of ideas of racial purity. CitationJulian Huxley et al ., We Europeans.
6. Browne pursued his interests in the racial characteristic within ‘isolate populations’ in the west of Ireland, especially in Co. Galway and Co. Mayo over the next decade.
7. CitationHackett et al ., ‘The Pattern of the ABO Blood Group Frequencies in Ireland’; CitationHackett and Folan, ‘The ABO and Rh Blood Groups of the Aran Islanders’; CitationW. E. R. Hackett, ‘A Rough Estimate of Two Main Racial Components in the Republic of Ireland’.
8. See CitationByrne et al ., ‘Introduction’, Family and Community in Ireland.
9. CitationHooton, ‘Stature, Head Form, and Pigmentation of Adult Male Irish’; CitationHooton and Dupertuis, ‘The Physical Anthropology of Ireland’.
10. CitationRelethford, ‘Genetic Structure and Population History of Ireland’; idem, Citation‘Effects of English Admixture’; idem, Citation‘Genetic Drift and Anthropometric Variation in Ireland’; CitationRelethford et al. ;CitationPopulation Structure and Anthropometric Variation;CitationRelethford and Crawford, ‘Anthropometric Variation and the Population History of Ireland’.
11. CitationBittles and Smith, ‘ABO and Rh(D) Blood Group Frequencies’.
12. For a general account of pre-molecular genetic studies see CitationSunderland et al ., ‘Genetic Studies in Ireland’. Martin Paul Evison argues that the discovery of genetic variation at the DNA level has not made past migrations to the British Isles transparent, but it has served to indicate the complexity of population structure. Paradoxically, historical interpretations of genetic evidence tend to be couched in terms which indicate that romantic views of history continue to influence the scientific agenda (CitationEvison, ‘All in the Genes?’, 277).
13. CitationFriel, The Home Place, 26.
14. CitationHayden, ‘A Biodiversity Sampler for the Millennium’; CitationMarks, ‘“We're Going to Tell these People Who they Really Are”’.
15. O'Halloran, Golden Ages and Barbarous Nations.
16. O'Halloran, Golden Ages and Barbarous Nations, 7.
17. CitationCooney, ‘Building the Future on the Past’; idem, Citation‘Theory and Practice in Irish Archaeology’; CitationWoodman, ‘Who Possesses Tara?’.
18. CitationMallory, ‘The Origins of the Irish’. This paper reports on the seminar held by the Irish Association of Professional Archaeologists on 5 May 1984. The question put to the seminar was: when did the Irish first arrive in Ireland? For the purposes of discussion an Irishman was defined as one who spoke either the earliest attested form of the Irish language immediately ancestral to it. Such a definition then pertains to the appearance of Irish speaking Celts and is not attendant on any other features such as physical type, material culture, or, obviously, is to be confused with the arrival of the first people in Ireland (Mallory, ‘The Origins of the Irish’, 65).
19. CitationMallory, ‘Two Perspectives on the Problem of Irish Origins’. Volume 9 of the archaeological journal Emania journal was devoted to papers on ‘Irish origins’.
20. CitationMallory and Donnaghá;in, ‘The Origins of the Population of Ireland’. This is a revised version of the discussion document prepared by the authors as part of the Royal Irish Academy initiative to seek government funding for the Irish Origins programme.
21. CitationHill et al ., ‘Y Chromosome Variation and Irish Origins’.
22. CitationHill, ‘More about Genes’, 6. Emphasis in the original.
23. Hill, ‘More about Genes’, 6.
24. Such as CitationJobling and Tyler-Smith, ‘Fathers and Sons’; CitationJobling, ‘In the Name of the Father’.
25. CitationJobling and Tyler-Smith, ‘The Human Y Chromosome’.
26. CitationMacLysaght, The Surnames of Ireland. First published in 1957.
27. Hill et al., ‘Y Chromosome Variation and Irish Origins’, 351.
28. Jobling, ‘In the Name of the Father’, 354.
29. Hill et al., ‘Y Chromosome Variation and Irish Origins’, 351.
30. CitationCooney, ‘Genes and Irish Origins’, 29.
31. CitationBradley and Hill, ‘What's in a Surname?’, 23.
32. CitationBradley and Hill, ‘What's in a Surname?’, 23.
33. CitationCooney, ‘Is it All in the Genes?’, 35.
35. CitationBeddoe, ‘On Complexional Differences’, 166. His sources were Police Gazette lists of deserters from the army, navy and marines. The results suggested that the exotics were much closer to the indigenous in eye colour but not in hair colour. Beddoe explained this in a rather convoluted fashion by claiming that mixing led to greater environmental influence with the result that those of mixed exotic and indigenous ancestry had lighter hair than the indigenous since Irish ‘climatic conditions are supposed to be favourable to bloods’.
36. CitationHill, ‘Who Are We?’, 22.
37. CitationCroke, ‘Genetics and Archaeology’, 37.
38. I explore the place of the gendered body and ideas of nature in this nationalist geographical imagination of the early twentieth century in CitationNash, ‘Embodying the Nation’.
39. Matthew Fordahl, ‘Scientists Use Irish Genes to Uncover Europe's Past’, SF Gate.com, Thursday 23 March 2000, Available from http://www.sfgate.com (accessed 10 February 2004).
40. CitationÓ Donnabháin, ‘aDNA and Archaeology’, 34.
41. CitationLoughrey, The People of Ireland.
42. Nevertheless, the affirmation of mobility in Irish cultural and political discourse has been criticised for legitimising neo-liberal capitalism and ignoring the costs of competitive individualism and aggressive economic globalisation. See CitationGray, ‘The Irish Diaspora’, and CitationCronin, ‘Speed Limits’.
43. CitationKearney, Postnationalist Ireland, 188.
44. CitationLentin, ‘Responding to the Racialisation of Irishness’.
45. Neville Cox, ‘Referendum on Citizenship—Letter to the Editor’, Irish Times, 10 May 2004.
46. Cooney, ‘Genes and Irish Origins’, 29.
47. CitationScott et al., ‘The Production of Legal Identities Proper to States’.
49. CitationBardon, A History of Ulster , 400–01.
50. CitationHall, Ulster, 68.
51. Dick Ahlstrom, ‘Groups Set to Research the Genetic Origins of the Irish’, Irish Times, 31 July 2000.
52. Interview with Alun Evans, 15 June 2001, Belfast.
53. In discussion with Jim Mallory, 17 February 2005, Belfast.
54. Interview with Daniel Bradley, 25 January 2005, Dublin.
55. Bradley and Hill, ‘What's in a Surname?’, 22.
56. I discuss this focus on patrilineage and Y chromosome genetics in more detail in CitationNash, ‘Genetic Kinship’.
57. Bradley and Hill, ‘What's in a Surname?’, 23.
58. Brian Turner and Aidan Mac Poilin, ‘What's in a Name?’, BBC Radio Ulster, 2001 and 2002.
59. CitationTurner, ‘Distributional Aspects of Family Name Study’; CitationTurner, ‘Family Names’.
60. CitationTurner, ‘Distributional Study of Family Names’, 6.
61. Turner, ‘Scottish Borderers on an Irish Frontier’, 47.
62. CitationTurner, Surname Landscape in the County of Fermanagh, 6.
63. CitationTurner, review of Robert Bell, The Book of Ulster Surnames, 137–38.
64. Turner, ‘Distributional Study’, 5.
65. CitationTurner, ‘Scottish Borderers’, 49.
66. CitationTurner, ‘Scottish Borderers’, 48.
67. CitationTurner, ‘Scottish Borderers’, 49.
68. In one of his earliest published prices on family names, Brian Turner had made this point about the historic groups referred to in surname studies not being taken to mean that contemporary surnames stand neatly for these category distinctions in the present: One important point remains to be made. Throughout this article I have referred to ‘settler’ names and families. By this I do not imply distinction between the people of present day Fermanagh. Because of the fact that each of us is heir to many surnames the terminology used in family name study must refer to the historical elements within the community rather than within the individual (CitationTurner, ‘An Observation on Settler Names in Fermanagh’, 289).
69. Interview with Brian Turner, 23 October 2000.
70. Interview with Daniel Bradley, 25 January 2005.
71. CitationMcEvoy et al ., ‘The Longue Durée of Genetic Ancestry’.
72. This may reflect the fact that you cannot sample mtDNA in a way that avoids mtDNA inheritance derived from ‘incursions’ from outside as Hill et al. do for Y chromosomes using patrilineal surnames.
73. McEvoy et al., ‘The Longue Durée of Genetic Ancestry’, 699. Similar claims are made in other studies using the Y chromosome and which again, in dealing with Irish genetic samples, select them on the basis of volunteers having ‘Irish Gaelic surnames’. ‘Genes Link Celtic to Basques’, BBC News Online, 3 April 2001, Available from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/Wales/1246894.stm (accessed 1 March 2004).
74. Cooney, ‘Building the Future on the Past’, 155.
75. CitationEvans, Kingdom of the Ark.
76. Joep Leerson traces the multiple meanings of Celtic since its earliest constructions in the early eighteenth century. See CitationLeerson, ‘Celticism’.
77. Interview with Daniel Bradley, 25 January 2005, Dublin.
78. Jan Battles, ‘The Irish Are Not Celts, Say Experts’, The Sunday Times, 5 September 2004.
79. This quotation comes from a letter by Edward Lethwich to the Dublin Chronicle in 1788 and is quoted in CitationO'Halloran, Golden Ages and Barbarous Nations, 67.
80. Clarke and Woods, ‘Irish Eyes Are English Not Celtic’, The Sunday Times (London), 14 November 1999, 8–9.
81. See http://www.irish-association.ie/welcome.htm (accessed 16 May 2003). In 1967 the historical geographer Estyn Evans, and father of Alun Evans, delivered a speech on ‘the Irishness of the Irish’ which also argued that ‘A pure race is a nationalist myth’, though he was interested in how ‘the proportions of the various racial elements in the mixture vary from one region to another’ and undertook anthropometric studies to explore this variation. CitationEvans, The Irishness of the Irish .
82. Interview with Richard Warner, 14 June 2005, Belfast.
83. ‘Nationalist Myth Challenged: John Tyndall Comments on Some New Evidence’, Spearhead, Available from http://www.spearhead-uk.com/0001-jt3.html (accessed 16 March 2003).
84. Website. Available from http://www.scottishloyalists.com/myth.htm (accessed 2 February 2005).
85. CitationNic Craith, Plural Identities, Singular Narratives, 83–88.
86. ‘Trace Your Border Reiver Roots by DNA!’, The Ulster Scot, July 2004, 6.
87. Turner, ‘Scottish Borderers’, 49.
88. CitationMurphy, ‘Ireland and Ante/Anti-colonial Theory’.
89. The heated debate that took place on the History Channel online discussion list in March 2005 is one example of the depth of feeling that can be invested in these categories and histories. See http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/_debate/index3.php?BBsite = HISTORY_&forum_id = 2&topic_id = 8644 (accessed 30 May 2005).