Notes
1. In the 2000s they have succumbed to takeovers by big pharma, with Genentech falling to Hoffman-LaRoche and Chiron falling to Novartis.
2. See the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities, http://www.zim.mpg.de/openaccess-berlin/berlin_declaration.pdf (accessed 14 October 2011).