136
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
 

Abstract

This article argues that India–Israel cooperation in space-based imagery originated under a realist logic but has been developing under an increasingly strong value-based commitment in countering terrorism. In this regard, the relationship is somewhat like the UK-US signals intelligence sharing arrangement that was originally formed to defeat the Axis powers but strengthened over shared values in countering communism and then international terrorism. To establish this, the article provides the first detailed account of the evolution of the Indo-Israel spy satellites cooperation and offers fresh insights into the future trajectory considering the recent security developments affecting India and Israel.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1. Marcus Wethered, Does realism best explain intelligence cooperation between states?, E-International Relations, 8 August 2014 at https://www.e-ir.info/2014/08/08/does-realism-best-explain-intelligence-cooperation-between-states/ (Accessed 12 September 2023).

2. Stephen Lefebvre, ‘The Difficulties and Dilemmas of International Intelligence Cooperation’, International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, 16 (4), 2004, pp. 527–542.; Jennifer Sims, Defending adaptive realism: intelligence theory comes of age, in Peter Gill, Stephen Marrin and Mark Phythian (eds.), Intelligence Theory: Key questions and debates, Routledge, Oxon, 2009, pp. 151–165.

3. Tom Roseth, ‘How to classify intelligence relations’, in Tom Roseth and John Michael Beaver (eds.), Intelligence Relations in the 21st Century, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2020, pp. 28–44.

4. Elizabeth Sepper, ‘Democracy, Human Rights, and Intelligence Sharing’, Texas International Law Journal, 46 (151), 2010, pp. 151–207.

5. Michael Smith, The Real Special Relationship, Simon and Schuster, 2022.

6. James Igoe Walsh, ‘Defection and hierarchy in international intelligence sharing’, Journal of Public Policy, 27 (2), 1 August 2007, pp. 151–181.

7. Pat Norris, Spies in the sky: Surveillance satellites in war and peace, Springer-Praxis, 2008.

8. Ajey Lele, ‘Space cooperation: From public to private’, in Pramit Pal Chaudhuri and Raanan Rein (eds.), Trusted Partners: 30 years of India-Israel Diplomatic Relations, Ananta Aspen Centre, New Delhi, 2022, pp. 149–158.

9. Gerald M. Steinberg, The impact of dual use aspects of high resolution commercial observation satellites in the Middle East’, Geospatial World, 12 April 2010 at https://www.geospatialworld.net/article/the-impact-of-dual-use-aspects-of-high-resolution-commercial-observation-satellites-in-the-middle-east1/ (Accessed 2 September 2023).

10. NASA JPL, Quicklook: Ofeq 3, JPL Mission and Spacecraft Library, at https://space.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/QuickLooks/ofeq3QL.html (Accessed 2 September 2023).

11. Spaceflight 101, Israel launches advanced optical reconnaissance satellite’, Spaceflight 101, 13 September 2016 at https://spaceflight101.com/israel-launches-advanced-optical-reconnaissance-satellite/ (Accessed 2 September 2023).

12. Yiftah Shapir, The Launch of Israel’s TecSAR satellite, Scoop, 13 February 2008 at https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0802/S00139.htm (Accessed 3 September 2023).

13. Spaceflight 101, no. 11.

14. Stephen Clark, Covert satellite for Israel launched by Indian rocket, Spaceflight Now, 21 January 2008 at https://spaceflightnow.com/news/n0801/21pslv/ (Accessed 1 September 2023).

15. Yiftah Shapir, no. 12.

16. ISRO, Genesis, Indian Space Research Organisation at https://www.isro.gov.in/genesis.html (Accessed 24 December 2023).

17. SpaceNews Staff, India eases restrictions on satellite imagery sales’, Space News, 11 July 2011 at https://spacenews.com/india-eases-restrictions-satellite-imagery-sales/ (Accessed 4 September 2023).

18. Marco Aliberti, India in Space: Between Utility and Geopolitics, Springer, 2018, pp. 179–181.

19. Federation of American Scientists, IRS (Indian remote sensing satellite), Internet Archive, 20 April 2000 at https://web.archive.org/web/20160820111046/http://fas.org/spp/guide/india/earth/irs.htm (Accessed 30 September 2023).

20. Bharath Gopalaswamy, Final Frontier: India and Space Security, Westland Publications, 2019.

21. From Surprise to Reckoning: The Kargil Review Committee Report, Sage, 1999, p. 116.

22. Ibid., p. 253.

23. Ibid., p. 111.

24. Ibid., p. 159.

25. Marco Aliberti, no. 18, pp. 178–179.

26. Habib Beary, India’s spy satellite boost, BBC, 27 November 2001 at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1679321.stm (Accessed 1 September 2023).

27. SpaceNews Staff, no. 17.

28. Manoj Joshi, India has a long way to go before it can use space for modern warfare, Observer Research Foundation, 17 June 2019 at https://www.orfonline.org/research/india-has-a-long-way-to-go-before-it-can-use-space-for-modern-warfare-52106/ (Accessed 2 September 2023).; R. S. Bedi, ‘NTRO: India’s technical intelligence agency’, Indian Defence Review, 23 (1), 23 April 2015.

29. Chidanand Rajghatta, US lifts curbs on ISRO, DRDO, Times of India, 25 Janaury 2011 at https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/US-lifts-curbs-on-ISRO-DRDO/articleshow/7357500.cms (Accessed 12 November 2023).

30. Radhakrishna Rao, An Indo-Israeli handshake in space, Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, 18 May 2009 at http://www.ipcs.org/comm_select.php?articleNo=2867 (Accessed 2 September 2023).

31. eoPortal, TecSAR (SAR Technology Demonstration Satellite), eoPortal, 18 June 2012 at https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/tecsar (Accessed 30 September 2023).

32. Itai Shapira, ‘The Yom Kippur Intelligence Failure after Fifty Years: What Lessons Can be Learned?’, Intelligence and National Security, 38 (6), 7 August 2023, pp. 978–1002.

33. John H. Gill, ‘Provocation, war and restraint under the nuclear shadow: The Kargil Conflict 1999’, The Journal of Strategic Studies, 42 (5), 5 March 2019, pp. 701–726.

34. Raanan Rein and Avi Blasberger, ‘Space cooperation: Final frontier’, in Pramit Pal Chaudhuri and Raanan Rein (eds.), Trusted partners: 30 years of India Israel Diplomatic Relations, Ananta Aspen Centre, New Delhi, 2022, pp. 137–148.

35. Jewish Virtual Library, Rocket and mortar attacks against Israel by date: 2001 – present, Jewish Virtual Library, at https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/palestinian-rocket-and-mortar-attacks-against-israel (Accessed 15 September 2023).

36. Jeremy Khan, Mumbai terrorists relied on new technology for attacks, The New York Times, 8 December 2008 at https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/09/world/asia/09mumbai.html (Accessed 16 September 2023).

37. Rafal Modrzewski, Earth observation game-changer, Room Space Journal of Asgardia, 2 (16), 2018.

38. Spaceflight 101, no. 11; Yiftah Shapir, no. 12.

39. eoPortal, CartoSat-2, eoPortal, 28 May 2012 at https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/cartosat-2#spacecraft (Accessed 30 September 2023).

40. Times Now Digital, ‘During Kargil War, Foreign Countries Overcharged India for Satellite Images, Arms: Ex-Army Chief’, Times Now, 14 December 2019 at https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/during-kargil-war-foreign-countries-overcharged-india-for-satellite-images-arms-ex-army-chief/527177 (Accessed 30 September 2023).

41. Nicolas Blarel, ‘Planes, drones, missiles: How Kargil changed Indo—Israeli relations’, The Caravan, 18 January 2015 at https://caravanmagazine.in/vantage/planes-drones-missiles-kargil-indo-israeli-relations (Accessed 26 September 2023).

42. Radhakrishna Rao, no. 30.

43. Raanan Rein and Avi Blasberger, no. 34.

44. Shubhadeep Choudhury, Risat 2: A feather in the cap, Tribune India, 17 May 2009 at https://m.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090517/edit.htm#1 (Accessed 28 September 2023).

45. R. Ramachandran, Tango with Israel, Frontline, 22 May 2009 at https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/article30186903.ece (Accessed 2 September 2023).

46. Gunter D Krebs, RISAT 2B, 2BR1, 2BR2 (EOS 01), Gunter’s Space Page, at https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/risat-2b.htm (Accessed 15 March 2024).

47. ISRO, Earth Observation Satellites, ISRO, at https://www.isro.gov.in/EarthObservationSatellites.html# (Accessed 15 March 2024).

48. eoPortal, RISAT-2 (Radar Imaging Satellite-2), eoPortal, at https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/risat-2#mission-capabilities (Accessed 15 March 2024).

49. eoPortal, RISAT-1 (Radar Imaging Satellite-1), eoPortal, at https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/risat-1#mission-capabilities (Accessed 15 March 2024).

50. Government of India Department of Space, Rajya Sabha Unstarred Question No. 1531, 4 July 2019 at https://sansad.in/getFile/annex/249/Au1531.pdf?source=pqars (Accessed 16 March 2024).

51. Spaceflight 101, no. 11.

52. Tamir Eshel, Israel becomes a spy-sat superpower, Defense Update, 6 June 2022 at https://defense-update.com/20220606_ofek16-spysat.html#google_vignette (Accessed 16 March 2024).

53. PTI, Israel offers unconditional help to India to defend itself, especially against terror: Envoy, The Economic Times, 19 February 2019 at https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/israel-offers-unconditional-help-to-india-to-defend-itself-especially-against-terror-envoy/articleshow/68065298.cms?from=mdr (Accessed 14 December 2023).

54. Union of Concerned Scientists, UCS satellite database, Union of Concerned Scientists, 1 May 2023 at https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database (Accessed 14 December 2023).

55. Raanan Rein and Avi Blasberger, no. 34, pp. 140–141.

56. Amrita Nayak Dutta, Spike in terror incidents prompts army to pause phased withdrawal from Jammu and Kashmir, The Indian Express, 4 October 2023 at https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jk-terror-spike-prompts-relook-at-pre-winter-strategy-deployment-8967257/ (Accessed 15 December 2023).

57. ‘Countering cognitive warfare: Awareness and resilience’, NATO Review, Johns Hopkins University & Imperial College London, 20 May 2021 at https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2021/05/20/countering-cognitive-warfare-awareness-and-resilience/index.html (Accessed 15 December 2023).

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Vineeth Krishnan

Vineeth Krishnan is a PhD candidate at the Department of Geopolitics and International Relations, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, India [email protected].

Dheeraj Paramesha Chaya

Dheeraj Paramesha Chaya is a lecturer in intelligence and international security at the School of Criminology, Sociology and Policing, University of Hull, U.K. He is the author of India’s Intelligence Culture and Strategic Surprises: Spying for South Block, which is awarded the Kjetil Hatlebrekke Memorial Book Prize by King’s College, London.

Log in via your institution

Log in to Taylor & Francis Online

PDF download + Online access

  • 48 hours access to article PDF & online version
  • Article PDF can be downloaded
  • Article PDF can be printed
USD 53.00 Add to cart

Issue Purchase

  • 30 days online access to complete issue
  • Article PDFs can be downloaded
  • Article PDFs can be printed
USD 236.00 Add to cart

* Local tax will be added as applicable

Related Research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.