342
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Maritime Counter-terrorism: The Challenges of Centre–State Relations in India

Pages 20-41 | Published online: 23 Dec 2013
 

Abstract

Centre–state relations in India are a fascinating area of studies. The structure of the relationship has an effect on every single aspect of life as we know it in India. This paper is an attempt to study centre–state relations in the context of India's maritime counter-terrorism strategy. Although the Government of India has not publicly stated its counter-terrorism strategy on the sea, intelligence, information sharing, crisis response, finances for internal security and the nation's legislation for battling terrorism together comprise India's maritime-terrorism strategy. Through study of these areas, the paper argues that the centre–state divide has had systemic implications on India's maritime security and has largely done more harm than good to collective initiatives that aspire to prevent future risk of terrorism from the sea or on the sea.

Notes

1. Angel Rabasa, Robert D. Blackwill, Peter Chalk, Kim Cragin, C. Christine Fair, Brian A. Jackson, Brian Michael Jenkins, Seth G. Jones, Nathaniel Shestak and Ashley J. Tellis, “The Lessons of Mumbai”, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, p. 1 and 7, 2009. http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD = ADA493061 (accessed December 4, 2012).

2. Eric Shea Nelson, “Maritime terrorism and Piracy: Existing and Potential Threats”, Global Security Studies, 3 (Winter 2012), no. 1, http://globalsecuritystudies.com/Nelson%20Piracy%20Final.pdf (accessed January 2, 2012).

3. Harihar Bhattacharya, Federalism in Asia: India, Pakistan and Malaysia (Abingdon: Routledge, 2010), p. 11.

4. M. Govind Rao and Nirvikar Singh, “Asymmetric Federalism in India”, Santa Cruz Center for International Economics, Paper 04'08, p. 4, 2004, http://sciie.ucsc.edu/workingpaper/2004/0408.pdf (accessed May 22, 2013).

5. Ronald Watts, quoted in Douglas V. Verney, “Federalism, Federative Systems, and Federations: The United States, Canada, and India”, Publius, 25, no. 2 (1995): 84, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3330829 (accessed May 16, 2013).

6. Bhattacharya, p. 54.

7. Lloyd I. Rudolph and Susanne Hoeber Rudolph, “Federalism as State Formation in India: A Theory of Shared and Negotiated Sovereignty”, International Political Science Review, 31, no. 5 (2010): 10, http://political-science.uchicago.edu/faculty-articles/Rudolphs%20--%20State%20Formation.pdf (accessed May 21, 2013).

8. Bhattacharya, p. 61; Rudolph and Hoeber Rudolph, p. 12.

9. Govind Rao and Singh, pp. 6–7.

10. Bhattacharya, p. 22.

11. Govind Rao and Singh, p. 3.

12. J. P. Suda, quoted in A. S. Kabbur, Centre–state Relations in India (New Delhi: Trust Books, 2004), p. 22.

13. Amresh Bagchi, “Rethinking Federalism: The Changing Power Relations between the Center and the States”, Publius, 33, no. 4 (2003), http://www.jstor.org/stable/3331194 (accessed on May 22, 2013).

14. Anoop Sadanandan, “Bridling Central Tyranny in India: How Regional Parties Restrain the Federal Government”, Asian Survey, 52, no. 2 (March/April 2012), http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/as.2012.52.2.247 (accessed May 23, 2013).

15. Bhattacharya, pp. 124–132.

16. Amit Ahuja and Ahutoush Varshney, “Antecedent Nationhood, Subsequent Statehood: Explaining the Relative Success of Indian Federalism”, in Sustainable Peace: Power and Democracy after Civil Wars, ed. Philpi G. Roeder and Donald Rothchild (New York: Cornell University Press, 2005), p. 242.

17. Embassy of India. “India Profile: Facts and Figures”, Embassy of India, http://www.indianembassy.org/dydemo/indiaprofile/profile.htm (accessed December 3, 2012).

18. Maps of India. “Indian States and Union Territories”, MapsofIndia.com. http://www.mapsofindia.com/states/ (accessed May 29, 2013).

19. Sangeeta Sonak, Prajwala Pangam and Asha Giriyan, “Review of Marine and Coastal Policies in India”, The Energy and Resource Institute, http://www.teriin.org/teri-wr/projects/tbtpresentations/sreviewmarine.pdf (accessed June 10, 2013).

20. Sharad Vyas, “Maharashtra Moots New Coastal Security Law to Curb Terror”, The Times of India, January 27, 2013, http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-27/mumbai/36576602_1_coastal-security-coastal-agencies-port-trusts (accessed May 29, 2013).

21. The Gujarat State Disaster Management Act, 2003, http://www.gsdma.org/dmact.pdf (accessed May 29, 2013); The Disaster Management Act, 2005, http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/DM_Act2005.pdf (accessed May 29, 2013).

22. Ujjawal Kumar Singh, “POTA and Federalism”, Economic and Political Weekly, 39, no. 18 (2004), http://www.jstor.org/stable/4414959 (accessed May 27, 2013).

23. Rekha Saxena, “NCTC Can't Work Without State's Support”, The Pioneer, April 18, 2012, http://archive.dailypioneer.com/columnists/item/51452-nctc-can%E2%80%99t-work-without-states%E2%80%99-support.html (accessed May 27, 2013).

24. Bhanu Pratap Singh, Recent Anti-Terror Legislative Changes in Criminal Justice Administration, August 20, 2009, SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract = 1458285 (accessed May 27, 2012).

25. “Timeline: The Italian Marines Case”, The Hindu, March 22, 2013, http://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/timeline-the-italian-marines-case/article4538162.ece (accessed April 24, 2013).

26. Bharti Jain, “NIA May Probe Italian Marines Case Afresh”, The Times of India, March 31, 2013, http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-31/india/38162753_1_italian-marines-salvatore-girone-nia (accessed April 24, 2013).

27. “Court Allows NIA to Probe Italian Marines' Case”, The Hindu, April 26, 2013, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/court-allows-nia-to-probe-italian-marines-case/article4656828.ece (accessed June 19, 2013).

28. “MHA, MEA Split on Case against Italian Marines”, The Times of India, May 1, 2013, http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-01/india/38956450_1_sua-maritime-navigation-act-italian-marines (accessed June 19, 2013).

30. “Full Speech: PM's Speech at the Conference of Chief Ministers on Internal security”, NDTV, Last updated: April 16, 2012, http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/full-text-pm-s-speech-at-the-conference-of-chief-ministers-on-internal-security-198068 (accessed April 16, 2013).

31. IntelliBriefs, “India: Coastal Security Scheme”, IntelliBriefs, December 11, 2009, http://intellibriefs.blogspot.in/2009/12/india-coastal-security-scheme.html (accessed May 3, 2013).

32. Ministry of Home Affairs, “IV. Coastal Security”, Ministry of Home Affairs, India, http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/BM_Costal(E).pdf (accessed June 3, 2013).

33. Pradeep Thakur, “Maharashtra Callous Towards Maritime Security: CAG Report”, The Times of India, December 2, 2008, http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-02/india/27913287_1_marine-police-boats-patrol (accessed June 3, 2013).

34. Reply to a Question posed to Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs, Shri Mullappally Ramachandran in the Rajya Sabha on December 1, 2010, http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid = 67974 (accessed May 3, 2013).

35. Pushpita Das, “Four Years Hence: A Review of the Coastal Security Mechanism”, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, November 26, 2012, http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/AReviewoftheCoastalSecurityMechanism_pdas_261112 (accessed April 8, 2013).

36. Pradeep Thakur, “Cag Report Exposes Criminal Lapse in Coastal Security”, The Times of India, April 7, 2013, http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-07/india/38345804_1_coastal-police-stations-cpses-police-personnel (accessed June 3, 2013).

37. Pradeep Thakur, “Maharashtra Callous Towards Maritime Security: CAG Report”.

38. Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries, “Issuance of Biometeric Identity Cards to Coastal Fisherman”, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, http://dahd.nic.in/dahd/division/fisheries/issuance-of-biometric-identity-cards-to-coastal-fisherman.aspx (accessed June 3, 2013).

39. Josy Joseph, “Biometeric Identity Cards for Fisherman Still in the Works”, The Economic Times, November 26, 2010, http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-11-26/news/27607172_1_biometric-cards-biometric-id-fishermen (accessed June 3, 2013).

40. “Biometric Id Cards for Fishing Community”, The Times of India, January 5, 2013, http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-05/goa/36161355_1_smart-cards-biometric-id-card-reader (accessed June 3, 2013); “Kerala Scores a First, Issues Biometric Card for Fisherman”, The Hindu, August 11, 2012, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-scores-a-first-issues-biometric-id-cards-for-fishermen/article3751448.ece (accessed June 3, 2013).

41. Saurabh Joshi, “Fishermen to get Biometric Id by Sept”, Hindustan Times, July 9, 2012, http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-11-26/news/27607172_1_biometric-cards-biometric-id-fishermen (accessed June 3, 2013).

42. “Fisherman at Sea Over Delays in Biometric Cards Issue”, The Times of India, May 19, 2013, http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-19/visakhapatnam/39369229_1_biometric-cards-fisheries-department-district-fishermen (accessed June 3, 2013).

43. Nitesh Bharosa, JinKyu Lee and Marjin Janssen, “Challenges and Obstacles in sharing and Coordinating Information during Multi-Agency Disaster Response: Propositions from Field Exercises”, Information Systems Frontier, 12 (2010), http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q = cache:wMu4r7QjOIEJ:repository.tudelft.nl/assets/uuid:6978bd80-132c-4323-a736-2485aca5cf37/bharosa.pdf + &cd = 1&hl = en&ct = clnk&gl = in (accessed June 12, 2013).

44. Sandeep Unnithan and Bhavna Vij-Aurora, “India Doesn't Learn”, India Today.in, November 16, 2012, http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/four-years-after-26-11-india-is-not-ready-to-tackle-a-terror-attack/1/229460.html (accessed June 6, 2013).

45. Bisheshwar Mishra, “Multi-Agency Centre Dream for North Block”, The Times of India, October 3, 2005, http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-10-03/india/27854444_1_intelligence-failure-gom-intelligence-system (accessed June 5, 2013).

46. “Chidambaram Chairs First Multi-Agency Centre Meet”, Rediff.com, January 1, 2009, http://www.rediff.com/news/2009/jan/01mumterror-chidambaram-chairs-first-mac-meet.htm (accessed June 5, 2013).

47. B. Singh, “National Intelligence Grid (NatGrid) project of India”, Centre of Excellence for Cyber Security Research and Development in India (CECSRDI), http://perry4law.org/cecsrdi/?topic = national-intelligence-grid-natgrid-project-of-india (accessed June 5, 2013).

48. V. Balachandran, “NATGRID will Prove to be a Security Nightmare”, The Sunday Guardian, June 20, 2013, http://www.sunday-guardian.com/analysis/natgrid-will-prove-to-be-a-security-nightmare (accessed June 20, 2013).

49. IDSA Task Force, A Case for Intelligence Reforms in India, 2012, The Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, p. 27, http://www.idsa.in/system/files/book_IntellegenceReform.pdf (accessed June 5, 2013).

50. Praveen Swami, “Five Years after 26/11, India Faces Intelligence Famine”, The Hindu, February 27, 2013, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/five-years-after-2611-india-faces-intelligence-famine/article4456325.ece (accessed June 5, 2013).

51. Oneindia news, “What is NCTC and Why Chief Ministers Oppose NCTC?, Oneindia News, Last updated March 16, 2013, http://news.oneindia.in/2012/02/18/what-is-nctc-why-cms-oppose-nctc.html (accessed on May 28, 2013).

52. “Mamata Banerjee Softens Stand on NCTC, Asks for Time”, India Today, April 30, 2012, http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mamata-banerjee-softens-stand-on-nctc-asks-for-time/1/186741.html (accessed June 5, 2013); Phukan, Sandeep, Sen Ranjan Sudhi, “Jayalalitha, Modi, Patnaik Slam Government's Overtures on Anti-Terror Body (NCTC), NDTV, April 17, 2012, http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-modi-patnaik-slam-government-s-overtures-on-anti-terror-body-nctc-198351 (accessed June 5, 2013).

53. Rekha Saxena.

54. “NCTC Emerges a Toothless Wonder”, The Indian Express, June 5, 2013, http://newindianexpress.com/nation/NCTC-emerges-a-toothless-wonder/2013/06/05/article1620360.ece (accessed June 5, 2013).

55. Praveen Swami.

56. IDSA Task Force, pp. 18, 62, http://www.idsa.in/system/files/book_IntellegenceReform.pdf (accessed June 5, 2013).

57. E.L. Gaston, “Taking the Gloves off of Homeland Security: Rethinking the Federalism Framework for Responding to Domestic Emergencies”, http://www.docstoc.com/docs/114570580/Taking-the-Gloves-off-of-Homeland-Security-Rethinking-the (accessed May 30, 2013).

58. Rabasa et al., p. 11.

59. N. Ganesh, “Mumbai's Marine Police All at sea”, The Sunday Standard, November 24, 2012, http://newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/article1353569.ece (accessed January 4, 2013).

60. “Mumbai Attacks: the Bureaucracy of India's Marine Commandos”, The Telegraph, December 6, 2008, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3628446/Mumbai-attacks-the-bureaucracy-of-Indias-marine-commandos.html (accessed June 11, 2013).

61. “Ship Exposes Holes in Federal security”, The Times of India, August 4, 2011, http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-04/mumbai/29849790_1_coastal-security-kochi-and-port-blair-coastal-surveillance (accessed June 11, 2013).

62. Saurabh Joshi, “Coastal Security: Navy's Report Card”, The StratPost, November 25, 2009, http://www.stratpost.com/coastal-security-navys-report-card (accessed June 11, 2013).

63. Pushpita Das.

64. Ministry of Defence, “About The Ministry”, Ministry of Defence, India, http://mod.nic.in/aboutus/welcome.html (accessed June 1, 2013).

65. Ministry of Defence, “Armed Forces”, Ministry of Defence (India), http://www.mod.nic.in/aforces/ (accessed May 30, 2013); Central Board of Excise and Customs (India), http://www.cbec.gov.in/cae1-english.htm (accessed May 30, 2013); G.P. Joshi, “Police Accountability in India”, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/programs/aj/police/papers/gpj/police_accountability_in_india.pdf (accessed May 30, 2013).

66. Laura K. Donohue and Juliette N. Kayyem, “Federalism and the Battle over Counterterrorist Law: State Sovereignty, Criminal law Enforcement, and National Security”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 25, no. 1 (2002): 2, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/105761002753404122 (accessed January 11, 2013).

67. IDSA Task Force, p. 86.

68. Kumar Singh, p. 1796.

69. Laura K. Donohue and Juliette N. Kayyem, “Federalism and the Battle over Counterterrorist Law: State Sovereignty, Criminal law Enforcement, and National Security”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism (2002).

70. Samuel H. Clovis, Jr, “Federalism, Homeland Security and National Preparedness: A Case Study in the Development of Public Policy”, Homeland Security Affairs, 11, no. 3 (October 2006), http://www.hsaj.org/?article = 2.3.4 (accessed June 10, 2013).

71. Bhattacharya, p. 14, 124.

72. Gaston, p. 524.

Log in via your institution

Log in to Taylor & Francis Online

There are no offers available at the current time.

Related Research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.