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Articles

The EU–South Africa Strategic Partnership: From bilateral to multilateral forums and the strategic value for South Africa

Pages 215-228 | Published online: 06 Jul 2017
 

ABSTRACT

Strategic partnerships are seen as a means of elevating bilateral relations between two countries, or in the case of the European Union (EU), relations between an intergovernmental organisation and its 10 identified strategic partners. There is a growing body of analysis on the value of these strategic partnerships for the two partner states, yet just what role this partnership has within wider multilateral forums is an area for further discussion. This article explores the role that the EU–South Africa Strategic Partnership plays in shaping engagement between the bilateral partners in multilateral contexts. In reviewing the partnership over the course of its first decade, the article argues that South Africa has increasingly acknowledged its potential value. However, further interrogation on how to manage the complex intersection between bilateral and multilateral relations is called for if the strategic partnership is to be used to optimal effect as a tool of foreign policy.

Note on contributor

Dr Lesley Masters is a Senior Lecturer and Researcher, SARChI Chair in African Diplomacy and Foreign Policy, University of Johannesburg.

Notes

1. DIRCO divides their multilateral relations into Africa Multilateral Relations and International Multilateral Relations. A full updated list is available at http://www.dirco.gov.za/foreign/Multilateral/inter/index.html (accessed 30 May 2017).

2. DIRCO, ‘The South Africa–European Union Strategic Partnership Joint Action Plan’, 2007, p. 1, http://www.dirco.gov.za/foreign/saeubilateral/docs/jap%20-%20final%20-%20signed%20copy.pdf (accessed 2 November 2016).

3. The EU has 10 such partnerships with a diverse group of countries including India, Brazil, China, South Korea, Russia, the US, Canada, Japan, Mexico and South Africa.

4. Renard T, ‘The treachery of strategies: A call for true EU strategic partnerships’. Egmont Paper 45, Egmont Royal Institute for International Relations, Academia Press, Brussels, 2011, p. 36.

5. Gratius S, ‘Can EU strategic partnerships deepen multilateralism?’ Working Paper no. 109, FRIDE, Madrid, September 2011, p. 15.

6. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 28 June 2006, Com (2006) 347 final. Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament. Towards an EU–South Africa Strategic Partnership, 2006, p. 2.

7. Renard T, ‘The treachery of strategies: A call for true EU strategic partnerships’. Egmont Paper 45, Egmont Royal Institute for International Relations, Academia Press, Brussels, 2011, p. 1.

8. Geldenhuys D, ‘The Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Between South Africa and Russia’, Strategic Review for Southern Africa, 37.2, 2015, p. 120.

9. Landsberg C, ‘South Africa's Strategic Partnership with the EU: Illusion or reality?’ Occasional paper no. 14. Africa Institute of South Africa, Pretoria, 2012, p. 4.

10. Notes following Briefing to Media by Deputy Minister Aziz Pahad, Media Centre, Union Buildings, Pretoria, Tuesday 15 July 2008, http://www.dfa.gov.za/docs/speeches/2008/paha0715.html (accessed 22 June 2016).

11. Olivier G, ‘The European union and South Africa: Towards a strategic partnership?’ South African Journal of International Affairs, 13.2, 2006, p. 177. DOI:10.1080/10220460609556810

12. DIRCO, ‘Building a better world: The diplomacy of Ubuntu’. White Paper on South Africa's Foreign Policy, 5 December 2012, Pretoria, p. 35.

13. Speech by Minister Maite Nkoana-Mashabane at the Europe Regional Heads of Mission Conference, Brussels, 9 May 2010, http://www.dirco.gov.za/docs/speeches/2010/mash0510.html (accessed 22 June 2016).

14. Renard T, ‘Partnerships for effective multilateralism? Assessing the compatibility between EU bilateralism, (inter-)regionalism and multilateralism’, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 29.1, 2015, p. 12. DOI:10.1080/09557571.2015.1060691

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16. Gratius S, ‘The EU and its “strategic partnerships” with the BRICS’. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, May 2013, p. 6, http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/9922-1442-2-30.pdf (accessed 2 November 2016).

17. DFA, South African Foreign Policy Discussion Document. Department of Foreign Affairs , 1996, http://www.info.gov.za/greenpapers/1996/foraf1.htm#5 (accessed 18 April 2013).

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid.

22. Spies YK, ‘South Africa's multilateral challenges in a “polypolar” world’, The International Spectator, 45.4, 2010, pp. 73–91 at p. 88, DOI:10.1080/03932729.2010.527103

23. Nel P, I Taylor & J van der Westhuizen, ‘Reformist initiatives and South Africa's multilateral diplomacy: A framework for understanding’, in Nel P, Taylor I & J van der Westhuizen (eds) South Africa's Multilateral Diplomacy and Global Change: The Limits of Reformism. Ashgate: Aldershot, 2001, p. 1.

24. Ibid., p. 1.

25. Ibid., p. 5.

26. Spies YK, ‘South Africa's multilateral challenges in a “polypolar” world’, The International Spectator, 45.4, 2010, pp. 73–91 at p. 77, DOI:10.1080/03932729.2010.527103

27. DIRCO, ‘Building a better world: The diplomacy of Ubuntu’. White Paper on South Africa's Foreign Policy, 5 December 2012, Pretoria, p. 6.

28. Ibid., p, 26.

29. DIRCO, ‘The South Africa–European Union Strategic Partnership Joint Action Plan’, 2007, p. 1,  http://www.dirco.gov.za/foreign/saeubilateral/docs/jap%20-%20final%20-%20signed%20copy.pdf (accessed 2 November 2016).

30. Spies YK, ‘South Africa's multilateral challenges in a “polypolar” world’, The International Spectator, 45.4, 2010, pp. 73–91 at p. 80, DOI:10.1080/03932729.2010.527103

31. DFA, South African Foreign Policy Discussion Document. Department of Foreign Affairs , 1996, http://www.info.gov.za/greenpapers/1996/foraf1.htm#5 (accessed 18 April 2013).

32. Olivier G, ‘The European union and South Africa: Towards a strategic partnership?’ South African Journal of International Affairs, 13.2, 2006, p. 185. DOI:10.1080/10220460609556810

33. Speech by Minister Maite Nkoana-Mashabane at the Europe Regional Heads of Mission Conference, Brussels, 9 May 2010, http://www.dirco.gov.za/docs/speeches/2010/mash0510.html (accessed 22 June 2016).

34. Ibid.

35. Landsberg C, ‘South Africa's Strategic Partnership with the EU: Illusion or reality?’ Occasional paper no. 14. Africa Institute of South Africa, Pretoria, 2012, p. 16.

36. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 28 June 2006. Com (2006) 347 final. Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, ‘Towards an EU–South Africa Strategic Partnership’, 2006, p. 9.

37. Third South Africa–European Union Summit Joint Communique, Brussels, 28 September 2010, p. 2, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/er/116791.pdf (accessed 2 November 2016).

38. European Union, ‘The EU as a global actor: its role in multilateral organisations’, Official Journal of the European Union, C377 E/66. 2012, http://ec.europa.eu/dorie/fileDownload.do;jsessionid=0HxvDEYcIkbB_JU_5vuWxK9nFpsj-mULqWRkgg1mYVRAc21eeEPk!-898031139?docId=1328285&cardId=1328284 (accessed 30 May 2017).

39. Gratius S, ‘Can EU strategic partnerships deepen multilateralism?’ Working Paper no. 109, FRIDE, Madrid, September 2011, p. 14.

40. Spies YK, ‘South Africa's multilateral challenges in a “polypolar” world’, The International Spectator, 45.4, 2010, pp. 73–91 at p. 89. DOI:10.1080/03932729.2010.527103 Also see Graham S, ‘South Africa's voting behaviour at the United Nations Security Council: A case of boxing Mbbeki and unpacking Zuma’, in Masters L, S Zondi, J van Wyk & C Landsberg (eds) The South African Foreign Policy Review, Vol. 2, 2012. Pretoria: HSRC/AISA.

41. Masters L & C Landsberg (eds), ‘Al-Bashir and the crisis in South Africa's foreign policy: Problems and prospects’. Proceedings Report. SARChI Chair African Diplomacy and Foreign Policy/JIAS, University of Johannesburg, 2015.

42. EEAS, Statement by the Spokesperson on South Africa and the International Criminal Court, 2015, http://eeas.europa.eu/statements-eeas/2015/150614_02_en.htm (accessed 8 September 2016).

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44. Ibid.

45. Human Rights Watch. ‘UN makes history on sexual orientation, gender identity: Human rights body establishes an independent expert’, 30 June 2016, https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/06/30/un-makes-history-sexual-orientation-gender-identity (accessed 30 May 2017). Also see United Nations Human Rights Commission, Office of the High Commissioner, ‘Council establishes mandate on protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity’, 2016, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=20220 (accessed 30 May 2017).

46. Council of the European Union, Second South Africa–European Union Summit, Kleinmond, 11 September 2009, 13231/09 (Presse 266), 2009, p. 3, http://www.iccnow.org/documents/SA-EU_Summit_Sept_2009.pdf (accessed 2 November 2016).

47. Spector B, ‘SA vs the G20 on the major players and conquering the temple of doom’. Daily Maverick, 2014, http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2014-11-17-sa-vs.-the-g20-on-the-major-players-and-conquering-the-temple-of-doom/#.V4ygCNJ97IU (accessed 18 July 2016).

48. Council of the European Union, Second South Africa–European Union Summit, Kleinmond, 11 September 2009, 13231/09 (Presse 266), 2009, p. 3,  http://www.iccnow.org/documents/SA-EU_Summit_Sept_2009.pdf (accessed 2 November 2016)

49. Third South Africa–European Union Summit Joint Communique, Brussels, 28 September 2010, p. 2, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/er/116791.pdf (accessed 2 November 2016).

50. Landsberg C, ‘South Africa's Strategic Partnership with the EU: Illusion or reality?’ Occasional paper no. 14. Africa Institute of South Africa, Pretoria, 2012, p. 22.

51. The Council of the European Union, 14292/11, Presse 311, Fourth South Africa–European Union Summit Joint Communiqué, South Africa, 15 September 2011 (accessed 2 November 2016), http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/EN/foraff/124630.pdf

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53. The G20, ‘G20 Priorities, the Growth challenge’, Australia, 2014, https://www.g20.org/g20_priorities/g20_2014_agenda/empowering_development

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55. Masters L, ‘The EU and South Africa: Towards a new partnership for development’. Policy Brief 11. European Strategic Partnerships Observatory. EGMONT and FRIDE, 2014.

56. Zondi, S. ‘South Africa–EU Strategic Partnership in the context of a changing North–South power dynamics’, GREAT Insights Magazine, ECDPM, 2013, http://ecdpm.org/great-insights/new-impetus-africa-europe-relations/south-africa-eu-strategic-partnership-changing-north-south-power-dynamics/ (accessed 16 September 2016).

57. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 28 June 2006, Com (2006) 347 final. Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, ‘Towards an EU–South Africa Strategic Partnership’, 2006, p. 9.

58. Council of the European Union, First EU–South Africa Summit, Bordeaux, 25 July 2008, Brussels, 12233/08 (Presse 222), http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_PRES-08-222_en.htm (accessed 2 November 2016).

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63. EU Commission, ‘European Commission sets out its position on global partnership for the post-2015 development agenda’, press release, Brussels 5 February 2015, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-15-4141_en.htm (accessed 2 November 2016).

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70. DIRCO, Strategic Plan 2015–2020, Pretoria, p. 6, http://www.dirco.gov.za/department/strategic_plan_2015_2018/strategic_plan2015_2020.pdf (accessed 2 November 2016).

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