The Impact of Military Expenditure on External Debt: The Case of 35 Arms Importing Countries

ABSTRACT

This study aims to empirically test the effects of military expenditure on external debt of 35 arms importing countries by using the annual panel data from the year 1995 to 2016. The panel was divided into two income classes (upper-middle and lower-middle), and the basic sample was also divided into five different regions (Middle-East and North Africa, South and East Asia, Latin America, Europe and Central Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa) to achieve further robustness in the study. The empirical results of pooled mean group estimators suggest that military expenditure generally increases the external debt burden in the studied countries. More specifically, it was noted that military expenditure decreases external debt in Europe and Central Asia. Moreover, it was found that the interaction term of military expenditure and growth rate is positive and significant in all of the sub-samples, except upper-middle class, the Middle East and North Africa, and Latin American regions. Thus, it may be concluded that military expenditure often increases external debt burden in countries where the debt management system is weak. Countries with weaker debt management systems need to devise economic policies that curtail their military expenditure, reduce their external debt and improve their economic condition.

KEYWORDS:

• Military expenditure
• external debt
• economic growth
• foreign reserves
• arms importing countries

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the useful suggestions and insightful comments by anonymous referees. The usual disclaimer applies.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.