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Abstract
Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis changes have been reported in several disease states, including major depressive disorder, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and various other conditions associated with chronic pain. These observations suggest that stress and the HPA axis may play important roles in the pathology of these diseases. In order to contribute to a better understanding of the role that chronic stress may play in human pathology, this review article explores the involvement of the HPA axis in those animal models of chronic pain and inflammation that entail persistent rather than intermittent stress.
Keywords
- ACTH
- Adjuvant-induced arthritis
- Corticotropin-releasing hormone
- Glucocorticoids
- Multiple sclerosis
- Neuropathy
- AA, adjuvant-induced arthritis
- ACTH, adrenocorticotrophic hormone
- AVP, arginine vasopressin
- CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone
- EAE, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis
- F344, Fischer 344
- GR, glucocorticoid receptor
- HPA, hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal
- IL-1β, interleukin-1β
- LH, learned helplessness
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MBP, myelin basic protein
- MHC, major histocompatability complex
- MOG, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
- MR, mineralocorticoid receptor
- NA, noradrenaline
- POMC, pro-opiomelanocortin
- PVG, Piebald-Viral-Glaxo
- PVN, paraventricular nucleus
- SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
- 5HT, serotonin