The plausibility of maternal toxicant exposure and nutritional status as contributing factors to the risk of autism spectrum disorders

Abstract

Recent research suggests the maternal environment may be especially important for the risk of developing autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In particular maternal infections, micronutrient deficiencies, obesity, and toxicant exposures are likely to interact with genetic risk factors to disrupt fetal brain development.

Objectives: The goal of this paper is to investigate the plausibility of maternal toxicant exposure and nutritional status as causal factors in the development of ASD.

Methods: This paper reviews current research investigating the hypothesis that maternal toxicant exposure and prenatal micronutrient intake are important modifiable risk factors for ASD.

Results: Zinc, copper, iron, and vitamin B9 are identified as specific micronutrients with relevance to the etiology of ASD. Specific toxicants induce a maternal inflammatory response leading to fetal micronutrient deficiencies that disrupt early brain development. Importantly, maternal micronutrient supplementation is associated with reduced risk of ASD. Furthermore, animal studies show that micronutrient supplementation can prevent the teratogenicity and developmental neurotoxicity of specific toxicants.

Discussion: These findings lead to the hypothesis that maternal infection, obesity, and toxicant exposures (e.g. valproic acid, endocrine disrupting plasticizers, ethanol, and heavy metals) are all environmental risk factors for ASD that lead to fetal micronutrient deficiencies resulting from a maternal inflammatory response. It could be possible to use markers of inflammation and micronutrient status to identify women that would benefit from micronutrient supplementation or dietary interventions to reduce the risk of ASD. However, more research is needed to demonstrate a causal role of fetal micronutrient deficiencies and clarify the underlying mechanisms that contribute to ASD.

Keywords:

• Micronutrients
• Maternal nutrition
• Inflammation
• Developmental neurotoxicity
• ASD
• Risk factor

Disclaimer statements

Contributors J.R.N wrote this paper.

Funding The author was supported by a National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences funded training program in Environmental Health Sciences (T32 ES007059) and funding from the University of California Davis Nutrition department.

Conflict of interest The author has no conflicting interests to declare.

Ethics approval None.

ORCID

Johnathan R. Nuttall http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3851-3605