Grape seed extract effects on hippocampal neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and dark neurons production in old mice. Can this extract improve learning and memory in aged animals?

ABSTRACT

Background

During the elderly, hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptogenesis reduce and dark neurons (DNs) increase, leading to cognitive impairment. It is believed that natural products can protect the neural cells and system by protecting from damages or promoting regeneration. Therefore, the effects of grape seed extract (GSE) on the hippocampus of aged mice were investigated in this study.

Methods

twelve old mice were divided into two groups of control and GSE. Animals in the GSE group received 300 mg/kg of GSE for eight weeks via gavage. At the end of treatment, cognition performance was evaluated by Morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance tests. Hippocampal neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and DNs production were evaluated with immunohistochemistry and histological evaluations on 5-micron coronal tissue sections.

Results

The hippocampal mean number of double cortin positive cells (DCX⁺) per unit area, as well as synaptophysin expression in the GSE group, were significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.01). The frequency of DNs in the GSE group was lower than the control group (p < 0.05). Behavioral tests showed that GSE improves memory and learning performance.

Conclusion

Consuming GSE in the elderly can potentially alleviate the age-related reduction of hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptogenesis. It is also able to decrease hippocampal DNs production and increase memory and learning.

KEYWORDS:

• Grape seed extract
• hippocampus
• neurogenesis
• synaptogenesis
• dark neurons
• memory and learning

Acknowledgment

The data acquired from this research were extracted from a research project which was financially supported by the Vice-chancellor for research, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. AMM has been supported by the Italian Ministry of Health-Ricerca Corrente to IRCCS Multimedica. Also, the authors would like to thank Mrs. Motejaded and Mrs. Tajik for their assistance.

Disclosure statement

There is no conflict of interest.

Data availability statement

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.

Notes on contributors

Seyed Hamidreza Rastegar-moghaddam

Seyed Hamidreza Rastegar-moghaddam is a Ph.D student in Mashhad University of medical sciences.

Maryam Bigham

Maryam Bigham is Msc. student in Mashhad University of medical sciences.

Mahmoud Hosseini

Professor Mahmoud Hosseini is neurophysiologist and works in the neuroscience field in Mashhad University of medical sciences.

Alireza Ebrahimzadeh-bideskan

Professor Alireza Ebrahimzadeh-bideskan is an expert anatomist and histologist and works in the Mashhad University of medical sciences.

Amir Mohammad Malvandi

Dr. Amir Mohammad Malvandi works in the IRCCS multi medica in Italy.

Abbas Mohammadipour

Dr. Abbas Mohammadipour works in the neuroscience field in Mashhad University of medical sciences.