Impaired brain equanimity and neurogenesis in the diet-induced overweight mouse: a preventive role by syringic acid treatment

ABSTRACT

Objectives

In this study mice were fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks to establish diet-induced obesity and syringic acid (SA) was assessed for anti-obese, neuroprotective, and neurogenesis.

Method

Animals were given HFD for 12 weeks to measure metabolic characteristics and then put through the Barns-maze and T-maze tests to measure memory. Additionally, the physiology of the blood–brain barrier, oxidative stress parameters, the expression of inflammatory genes, neurogenesis, and histopathology was evaluated in the brain.

Result

DIO raised body weight, BMI, and other metabolic parameters after 12 weeks of overfeeding. A reduced spontaneous alternation in behavior (working memory, reference memory, and total time to complete a task), decreased enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, oxidative biomarkers, increased neurogenesis, and impaired blood–brain barrier were all seen in DIO mice. SA (50 mg/kg) treatment of DIO mice (4 weeks after 8 weeks of HFD feeding) reduced diet-induced changes in lipid parameters associated with obesity, hepatological parameters, memory, blood–brain barrier, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neurogenesis. SA also reduced the impact of malondialdehyde and enhanced the effects of antioxidants such as glutathione, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total thiol (MDA). Syringic acid improved neurogenesis, cognition, and the blood–brain barrier while reducing neurodegeneration in the hippocampal area.

Discussion

According to the results of the study, syringic acid therapy prevented neurodegeneration, oxidative stress, DIO, and memory loss. Syringic acid administration may be a useful treatment for obesity, memory loss, and neurogenesis, but more research and clinical testing is needed.

KEYWORDS:

• Diet-induced overweight
• syringic acid
• PPAR-α
• blood–brain barrier
• oxidative stress
• neuroinflammation
• neurogenesis
• high fat diet

Acknowledgements

In order to complete this study, the Midnapore City College director, Dr. Pradip Ghosh, was acknowledged by the authors for providing all necessary assistance. As well, the authors would like to thank Mr. Abhishek Chakravarty, Department of Humanities, Midnapore City College, for meticulously editing the manuscript's English language. Conceptualization, S.C., A.K., S.G and K.G., Methodology, S.C., K.C.M., and A.K. Animal model work and histology, Supportive actions in performing the experiments: T.P., A.D., T.K.D., and S.P. Data Analysis, A.K., K.G., S.G., and S.C.; Writing – Original Draft, A.K, S.G., and S.C..; Writing – Review & Editing, S.C., S.G., and K.G.; Resources, A.K., S.G., K.G., S.P., K.C.M., and S.C.; Supervision, S.C.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Data availability statement

The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.

Additional information

Funding

This study was supported by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Govt. of India 2021–11819 dated April 19, 2022. The authors acknowledged Dr. Pradip Ghosh, Director, Midnapore City College for his support.

Notes on contributors

Amina Khatun

Amina Khatun, M.Sc, exploring the obesity related neuronal disorder. She is working as a PhD student in Nutrition at Midnapore city College.

Titli Panchali

Titli Panchali M.Sc, exploring the obesity related disorder. She is working as a PhD student in Nutrition at Midnapore city College.

Sukhamoy Gorai

Sukhamoy Gorai PhD, exploring the neurodegeneration relation to small molecule development. He is working as a Post doctoral research fellow in the department of Neurological science, Rush University Medical center, Chicago, IL, USA.

Ananya Dutta

Ananya Dutta M.Sc, exploring the nutrition research. She is working as a PhD student in Nutrition at Midnapore city College.

Tridip Kumar Das

Tridip Kumar Das exploring the food research. He is working as a PhD student in Nutrition at Midnapore city College. Kuntal Ghosh PhD, exploring the food research. He is working as an Assistant professor of microbiology at Midnapore city College.

Shrabani Pradhan

Shrabani Pradhan PhD, exploring nutrition research. She is working as an assistant professor in Nutrition at Midnapore city College.

Keshab Chandra Mondal

Keshab Chandra Mondal PhD, exploring food science research. He is working as a Professor of microbiology at Vidyasagar University.

Sudipta Chakrabarti

Sudipta Chakrabarti PhD, exploring glial and neuronal cell signaling and neural stem cell differentiation with an emphasis to discover drugs and therapeutic strategies against neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. He is working at Midnapore City College, Midnapore, West Bengal, India. He is working as a Principal and Associate professor of biological sciences at Midnapore city College.