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Notes
[1] Williams (1974, p. 148).
[2] Naisbitt (Citation1984, p. 242); ‘Outer limits of space’, Four Corners, ABC TV, screened 2 May 2005.
[3] Warneke (Citation2005, p. 8); Ham (Citation2005, p. 4).
[4] ‘Couch potatoes dig in’, The Herald Sun, 13 Apr. 2005, p. 7.
[5] All section heading quotations are from the liner notes of CitationLuxuria, Beast Box, BMG, London, 1989.
[6] Williams (Citation1974).
[7] Mattelart (Citation1987); Tiffin (Citation1989).
[8] Sinclair (Citation1991, p. 132).
[9] Sinclair (Citation1987); Mattelart (Citation1987); Valdes (Citation1987).
[10] Sinclair (Citation1987).
[11] Featherstone (Citation1990).
[12] For early formulation of this terminology, see Wark (Citation1996, pp. 98–117); Brophy (1985, pp. 3–6); and Althusser (Citation1977, pp. 127–186).
[13] Thwaites (Citation1995, pp. 14–15).
[14] Baudrillard (Citation1988).
[15] Tiffin (Citation1989).
[16] Wark (1994b, p. x); Ferrier (Citation1992, pp. 35–49).
[17] White and Sutton (Citation1995, pp. 83–99).
[18] Foucault (Citation1980, p. 68).
[19] As it Happened: ‘The Map Makers—The Waldseemer Map 1507’, SBS TV, screened 4 Dec. 2004.
[20] Ferrier (1992, p. 43).
[21] Rabasa (Citation1984).
[22] Kennedy (Citation1989); Spivak (Citation1979, pp. 201–221).
[23] Bourdieu (Citation1984/1985, pp. 56–70)
[24] Certeau (Citation1986).
[25] Tisdall & Bozzolla (Citation1986); Poulantzas (1979, pp. 132–133); Saint-Point (Citation1973, p. 71).
[26] Virilio (Citation1990).
[27] Bluestone & Harrison (Citation1982).
[28] Said (Citation1984, p. 161); Deleuze (1993, p. 7); Burgin (1990, pp. 61–75).
[29] See Freud ([1911] 1987, p. 185); Benjamin (Citation1982); Burgin (Citation1990); Deleuze (Citation1993).
[30] Behaviourist Skinner thought pornography was a ‘genuine reinforcer’ or ‘aversive sanction’ preventing defection from government. ‘The Goncourt brothers noted the rise of pornography in the France of their day. “Pornographic literature”, they wrote, “serves a Bas Empire … one tames a people as one tames lions, by masturbation”’. Developed from stimulus/response determinism of Pavlov's salivating animal or information input/output, behaviourism is a technology of control ‘beyond dignity and freedom’ (although resistant to cybernetics), and therefore ultimately unacceptable—see Skinner (1977, pp. 23, 39); and Ryle ([Citation1949] 1986, p. 308); and for opposition to such ‘aversive control’ abuse, see Lacan (1987, p. 40).
[31] Burgin (1990, p. 64).
[32] Benjamin (Citation1982).
[33] Burgin (1990, p. 63).
[34] Guattari (Citation1984).
[35] Wark (1996, pp. 98–117).
[36] Wark (Citation1994b); Baudrillard (Citation1995); Norris (Citation1992).
[37] Virilio (1990, p. 103); Brophy (Citation1985, p. 5). Paul Virilio traces ‘FX’ to the serendipity of Georges Melies, ‘who unwittingly invented special effects. “I was filming the Place de l'Opera,” he recounts, “when suddenly my camera stopped working. In the time it took me to examine the rollers, you can imagine how much the people in the street had changed! At the time I didn't think about it, and I finished shooting the roll. But when I developed it! … I had begun filming a bus coming from the Boulevard des Capucines, and by the time it crossed the square it had turned into a hearse!”’ (p. 103). But Melies, significantly later directing the first sci-fi or ‘utopian’ film in 1902 (Jules Verne's A Trip to the Moon), did not predict murder of real civilians in ‘live’ War TV FX—see below.
[38] As it Happened, ‘The unseen battle—film in World War 1’, SBS TV, screened 6 Nov. 2004; Miller (Citation2004, p. 16).
[39] Wark (Citation1990, pp. 1–11).
[40] Fathers & Higgins (Citation1989).
[41] See Freud ([Citation1911] 1987).
[42] Lumby (1997, p. 172).
[43] Poulantzas (1979, p. 343).
[44] Wark (Citation1994a, pp. 64–79).
[45] Williams and Stevenson (Citation1981, pp. 237, 239).
[46] Žižek (Citation1997, pp. 28–51).
[47] Denitch (Citation1993, pp. 3–16).
[48] Denitch (1993, pp. 3–16), p. 5.
[49] Connell (1995, p. 177); James Joyce, Finnegans Wake (1943), cited in Tofts (1998, p. 94); Packard (Citation1957); McLuhan (Citation1957); Connell (Citation1977); Fiske & Hartley (Citation1980); Martin (Citation1985, pp. 4–23); Titmarsh (Citation1985, pp. 32–33).
[50] Williams (1974, p. 99).
[51] Hutcheon (Citation1989); Connell (Citation1995).
[52] Skinner (Citation1977).
[53] See Hitler (Citation1977, pp. 527–543); and Foulkes (Citation1983). Tim Phillips and Phillip Smith have conducted some interesting sociological research into abuse (‘incivility’), relating their findings to boundary maintenance, retreatism and expansion. This could figure as a sort of underside to the media theory of ‘globalization’ arguably also motivated by megalomania; see Phillips and Smith (Citation2003, pp. 85–108).
[54] Frankel (Citation2001, p. ix).
[55] Unfortunately, like much academic multiculturalism or postmodernism in the 1990s, the idealistic and supposedly ‘politically correct’ intention of actor Nick Giannopoulos ‘to change the meaning of that word’ [‘wog’] was doomed to apolitical failure, only serving to publicize racism as never before—see Sammut (Citation2000, pp. 18–20); and also for sexism, Riemer (Citation1995, p. 83).
[56] Furedi (Citation2004); Singer (Citation1961, p. 22).
[57] Morris (Citation1992, pp. 3–58).
[58] Skinner (Citation1977); Herman & Chomsky (Citation1994); Pusey (Citation2003, p. 173).
[59] See Bennis & Nanus (Citation1985); Tofts (Citation1998).
[60] Frankel (Citation1992).
[61] In his study of gender politics, R. W. Connell criticizes moral panic over-reaction to child abuse as a ‘rare sexual disorder’ exaggerated in the electronic media and Internet; see Connell (Citation2000, p. 192); and Anderson et al. (Citation2004, p. 1). For Williams, ‘communication technology, and specifically television, is at once an intention and an effect of a particular social order’—see Williams (1974, p. 128). Yet the private/public collapsed grid (‘sex, class, race, age’ or biopower), mingled with fashionably very poor-quality terminology (racism, sexism, classism, abuse) and applied by Connell in his at other times characteristic astute research, reflects a broader multiculturalism where some 250,000 Australian children under 20 are prescribed anti-depressants—see Hannan and Dunn (Citation2004, p. 4). This is the frozen context and biopower also consolidated with a vengeance in television unbalanced by privatized corporate censorship (see below). In Australia you might describe biopower as the ‘Patrick White Australia Policy’ (coined by novelist Frank Hardy), whose implication, according to Andrew Milner's study on Williams, fatalistically led its inventor Foucault to opt for an ‘aestheticist mythologisation of the phallocentric sexual mores of slave owners’—see Milner (2001, p. 166); for a guide to the medieval ‘bestiary’ based on fanciful stories of fantastic creatures, see Attenborough (Citation1987, pp. 140–148).
[62] Jopke (Citation2004, pp. 237–257); Tofts (1998, p. 94); Heath (Citation1981, p. 239).
[63] Rundle (Citation2003, p. 4).
[64] Lumby (Citation1997).
[65] Miller (Citation2000, pp. 8–9); Miller (2004, p. 16).
[66] Metz (Citation1985, pp. 48–60).
[67] Lacan (Citation1987, p. 40).
[68] Hitchcock (Citation1975, pp. 7–8).
[69] See Barr (Citation1993); Ikin (Citation1989); Parrinder (Citation1980).
[70] ‘Today f#@*king Tonight’, MX, 24 May 2005, p. 3; O'Ryan (Citation1992, pp. 37–44).
[71] Privatization was the policy of ‘utopian’ Mussolini; see Poulantzas (Citation1979, pp. 132–133); see also Phillip K. Dick's sci-fi comment: ‘The Nazis have no sense of humour so why should they want television?’ in Dick ([Citation1967] 1986).
[72] Das (Citation2003, pp. 4–5).
[73] Milner (Citation2001, pp. 77, 180); Williams (Citation1974).