Clinical practice guidelines of foot care practice for patients with type 2 diabetes: A scoping review using self-care model

Abstract

Background

Type 2 diabetes can lead to severe foot complications, making self-care education, guided by clinical guidelines, crucial. However, fragmented and dispersed recommendations challenge effective implementation of these guidelines. Bringing together recommendations and presenting them according to a self-care model can provide a solid framework and facilitate the interpretation of results.

Aims

to map the international guidelines that provide recommendations to nurses to enable people with type 2 diabetes for foot self-care and synthesize the recommendations according to the key concepts of the middle-range theory of self-care for chronic diseases.

Design

A scoping review was undertaken, using the methodological guidance of the Joanna Briggs Institute.

Data Sources

Databases were searched between September 2022 and June 2023, including PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, guideline websites and related professional association websites. The databases were chosen for their comprehensive coverage of the area.

Methods

Eligible articles included guidance documents providing foot care recommendations for diabetes, published or updated between 2013 and 2023. Two reviewers summarized the recommendations presented in at least two guidelines according to the key concepts of the self-care model. The PRISMA-ScR checklist was used.

Results

Seventeen guidelines were included. In total, we synthesized 175 recommendations. The recommendations were framed in three dimensions and their respective categories: Self-care maintenance (education for prevention, control of risk factors, daily foot care, footwear, and socks), Self-care monitoring (foot inspection, detection of signs of infection, and detection of other diabetes-related foot disease complications), and Self-care management (responses to signs and symptoms, foot wound care, follow-up with health professionals, and health services).

Conclusions

The main aspect of foot care revolves around daily care, including cleaning, moisturizing, nail care, selecting appropriate footwear, and regular inspection of both feet and footwear.

Keywords:

• diabetes mellitus, Type 2
• diabetic foot
• empowerment
• foot
• practice guideline
• nursing theory
• self care

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Supplementary material

The data supporting the findings of this study are available in the supplementary material of this article can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.1080/10376178.2024.2362289. A search strategy was developed in consultation with academic librarians and can be found in Appendix S1. All extracted recommendations from the included guidelines are listed in Appendix S2.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available in the supplementary material of this article.

Additional information

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.