Abstract
From Savage to Sensational, from lawyer to hulking beast, from advocate to Avenger and from independent woman to hyper-sexualised feminista – She-Hulk provides a case study in what occurs when ‘great power’ meets the ‘great responsibility’ of the legal professional. This article seeks to fill a gap in the fledgling field of Law and Comics via an analysis of She-Hulk, revealing a character defined by binaries, constructed through real world and imagined patriarchal forces, whose superpowers do not make her immune from the struggles faced by the female voice within the legal system. Yet She-Hulk offers a solution to this exclusion – the realm of the abject, the monstrous, splintering the law to protect her client's interests. She-Hulk reveals that superhero powers are needed to overcome the challenges of feminist lawyering.
Notes
1Harvard Law School is the school-of-choice for fictional lawyers. MacNeil proposes this is due in-part to Harvard's reputation for using the ‘veritable theatre of pedagogic pain known as the “Socratic method”’. MacNeil (Citation2007), p 98.
2Stan Lee (Citation1979) ‘The She-Hulk Lives!’ Savage She-Hulk 1, Marvel Comics, p 2.
3Stan Lee (Citation1979) ‘The She-Hulk Lives!’ Savage She-Hulk 1, Marvel Comics, p 2.
4Jennifer's father notes that his wife's murder led to him and Jennifer to ‘retreat into an obsession for law and justice!’: David Kraft (Citation1982) ‘Transmutations’ Savage She-Hulk 25, Marvel Comics, p 12.
5David Kraft (Citation1980) ‘The She-Hulk Strikes Back!’, Savage She-Hulk 4, Marvel Comics, p 6.
6Stan Lee (Citation1979) ‘The She-Hulk Lives!’ Savage She-Hulk 1, Marvel Comics, February 1979; She-Hulk appeared in Stan Lee and David Kraft (Citation1979–Citation80) The Savage She-Hulk 1–25, Marvel Comics; before becoming a series regular in both Jim Shooter et al (Citation1982–Citation84; Citation1987–Citation88) The Avengers 221–249; 278–297, July 1982–November 1984, April 1987–November 1988, Marvel Comics and John Byrne et al (Citation1983–Citation87) Fantastic Four 254–300, Marvel Comics; before returning to her solo roots in John Byrne et al (Citation1989–Citation94) Sensational She-Hulk 1–60, Marvel Comics; then returning to Kurt Busiek et al (Citation1998–Citation2004) Avengers 1–84, Marvel Comics and Joe Quesada et al (Citation2001–Citation02) Fantastic Four 41–50, Marvel Comics; before re-launching her solo career in Dan Slott et al (Citation2005–Citation09) She-Hulk 1–38, Marvel Comics; Charles Soule et al (Citation2014–Citation15) She-Hulk 1–12, Marvel Comics. She-Hulk has also played a key role in important feature events within the Marvel Universe, particularly Mark Millar (Citation2006–Citation07) Civil War 1–7, Marvel Comics and Greg Pak (Citation2007–Citation08) World War Hulk 1–5, Marvel Comics.
8Hereafter referred to as comics.
16David Kraft (Citation1980) ‘The She-Hulk Strikes Back!’, Savage She-Hulk 4, Marvel Comics, p 6.
17David Kraft (Citation1979) ‘Deathrace!!’ Savage She-Hulk 2, Marvel Comics, p 18.
18Eg: The cover of Sensational She-Hulk 34 parodies the controversial Vanity Fair cover featuring Demi Moore: John Byrne (Citation1991) ‘Who Was That Zombie I Saw You With … ?’ Sensational She-Hulk 34, Marvel Comics.
20John Byrne (Citation1992) ‘One Potato, Two Potato’ Sensational She-Hulk 40, Marvel Comics.
22Dan Slott et al (2005–09) She-Hulk 1–38, Marvel Comics; Charles Soule et al (Citation2014–Citation15) She-Hulk 1–12, Marvel Comics.
23Joe Quesada (Citation2008) ‘Dark Art: Part 2’ She-Hulk 29, Marvel Comics.
24Joe Quesada (Citation2008) ‘The Lion of Olympus’ She-Hulk 30, Marvel Comics.
25David Kraft (Citation1981) ‘Reason and Rage’ Savage She-Hulk 12, Marvel Comics.
26David Kraft (Citation1982) ‘Transmutations’ Savage She-Hulk 25, Marvel Comics; David Kraft (Citation1981) ‘To Stay the She-Hulk’, Savage She-Hulk 20, Marvel Comics.
27John Byrne (Citation1985) ‘Sensational She-Hulk’ Marvel Graphic Novel 18, Marvel Comics; Tom DeFalco (Citation1992) ‘Plastic Snow and Mistletoe’ Sensational She-Hulk 36, Marvel Comics; Joe Quesada (Citation2004) ‘Class Action Comics!’ She-Hulk 2, Marvel Comics.
28Azel Alonso (Citation2015) She-Hulk Vol 6, Marvel Comics, p 88; Tom DeFalco (Citation1993) ‘Uh-Oh’ Sensational She-Hulk 48, Marvel Comics; Tom DeFalco (Citation1993) ‘Family Business’ Sensational She-Hulk 57, Marvel Comics.
29Stan Lee (Citation1979) ‘The She-Hulk Lives!’ Savage She-Hulk 1, Marvel Comics, p 2.
30Following a weapons experiment gone wrong, Bruce suffered a mutation fuelled by gamma-radiation, creating ‘The Hulk’. Banner's transformations into the Hulk are fuelled by anger, with the strength, size and uncontrollable-nature of the Hulk causing extensive damage and causing the Hulk to be seen as an enemy of the state: Stan Lee (Citation1962) ‘The Strangest Man Alive!’ The Incredible Hulk 1, Marvel Comics; Stan Lee (Citation1964) ‘There Is a Fire Down Below!’ The Avengers 3, Marvel Comics; The Incredible Hulk can also be understood by reference to two of the characters which inspired its creation, Frankenstein's Monster and Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde: Stan Lee (Citation1974), p 75.
31Stan Lee (Citation1979) ‘The She-Hulk Lives!’ Savage She-Hulk 1, Marvel Comics, p 5.
32Nicholas Trask was also responsible for the death of Jen's mother; Stan Lee (Citation1979) ‘The She-Hulk Lives!’ Savage She-Hulk 1, Marvel Comics, p 6.
33Stan Lee (Citation1979) ‘The She-Hulk Lives!’ Savage She-Hulk 1, Marvel Comics, p 8.
35Using male characters as a basis for feminine heroes is not unusual within comics. Examples include Batwoman, Spider-Girl, She-Thing and Supergirl: Edmond Hamilton (Citation1956) ‘The Batwoman’ Detective Comics 233, DC Comics; Tom DeFalco (Citation1998) ‘Spider-Girl’ Spider-Girl 1, Marvel Comics; Mike Carlin and Jim Shooter (Citation1985) ‘The Thing and the Thunderiders’ The Thing 27, Marvel Comics; Otto Binder (Citation1958) ‘The Three Magic Wishes’ Superman 123, DC Comics.
45Stan Lee (Citation1979) ‘The She-Hulk Lives!’ Savage She-Hulk 1, Marvel Comics, p 11.
46Stan Lee (Citation1979) ‘The She-Hulk Lives!’ Savage She-Hulk 1, Marvel Comics, p 12.
47Stan Lee (Citation1979) ‘The She-Hulk Lives!’ Savage She-Hulk 1, Marvel Comics, p 12.
48Stan Lee (Citation1979) ‘The She-Hulk Lives!’ Savage She-Hulk 1, Marvel Comics, p 12.
49‘One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman’ is a phrase coined by Simone de Beauvoir in contrasting the distinction of sex from the socially constructed gender: De Beauvoir (Citation1973), p 301.
50The term ‘woman’ itself is defined by relation to man. ‘The world is man's world. Man is the word of the world’: Leclerc (Citation1987), p 58.
51
Australian Pocket Oxford Dictionary (Citation2013), p 557.
52
Australian Pocket Oxford Dictionary (Citation2013), p 974.
53Banner struggles to maintain control as the Hulk, or when this metamorphosis occurs: Stan Lee (Citation1962) ‘The Coming of the Hulk’ Incredible Hulk 1, Marvel Comics.
54
Australian Pocket Oxford Dictionary (Citation2013), p 998.
57Men have been the main audience for comics from the 1970s through to the mid-1990s. It is difficult to measure what sex is the more avid comic book reader, as most statistics are based the comic book purchaser. The dominance of men as comic book consumers, within comic book stores, and a perceived notion that comics were ‘not feminine’ led to publishers concluding that males were the dominant readership: Gabilliet (Citation2010), pp 209–210; D'Amore (Citation2012), p 1227; Wolk (Citation2008).
58Razorback details to the court how She-Hulk used her breasts to destroy an asteroid which killed a group of enemies. ‘Ya think any other supergal's rack coulda’ done that?!’ he explains to the court, rounding up his sexist and misogynistic diatribe with the remark ‘That's what makes She-Hulk special!’. Naturally, the courtroom of superheroes erupted in laughter, because after all, that is all She-Hulk is, right? – A body to be exposed and posed; Dan Slott (Citation2005) ‘Time of her Life’ She-Hulk 5, Marvel Comics, p 22.
61John Byrne (Citation1992) ‘Date Worse than Death’ Sensational She-Hulk 39, Marvel Comics, p 23.
62CCA is the Comics Code Authority, a self-regulatory body for comics published within the United States of America.
79David Kraft (Citation1981) ‘The Day the Planet Screamed!’ Savage She-Hulk 24, Marvel Comics, p 23.
80Steve Gerber (Citation1990) ‘The Dentist in the Iron Mask!’ Sensational She-Hulk 18, Marvel Comics, p 19.
82A fetish technique commonly used in soft-porn magazines: Creed (Citation1993), p 116.
83Key to this infection of the masculine is the continued failure to appreciate the feminist standpoint. Hekman describes Harding's feminist standpoint as a ‘staple’ of feminist theory: Hekman (Citation1997), p 341.
88Jim Shooter and Steven Grant (Citation1982) ‘A Gathering of Evil’ The Avengers 222, Marvel Comics, p 2.
89Jim Shooter and Steven Grant (Citation1982) ‘A Gathering of Evil’ The Avengers 222, Marvel Comics, p 12.
90Jim Shooter and Steven Grant (Citation1982) ‘A Gathering of Evil’ The Avengers 222, Marvel Comics, p 12.
91Jim Shooter and Steven Grant (Citation1982) ‘A Gathering of Evil’ The Avengers 222, Marvel Comics, p 12; Madrid (Citation2013), p 256.
96John Byrne (Citation1985) ‘The Naked Truth’ Fantastic Four 275, Marvel Comics.
97John Byrne (Citation1993) ‘To Die and Live in L.A.!’ Sensational She-Hulk 54, Marvel Comics.
98Joe Quesada (Citation2007) ‘Planet Without a Hulk’ She-Hulk 17, Marvel Comics.
99Steve Gerber (Citation1990) ‘The Dentist in the Iron Mask!’ Sensational She-Hulk 18, Marvel Comics.
100Joe Quesada (Citation2004) ‘The Trial of Juggernaut’ Uncanny X-Men 435, Marvel Comics.
103Dan Slott (Citation2004) ‘Single Green Female’, She-Hulk 1, Marvel Comics.
104Dan Slott (Citation2007) ‘Trial of the Leader’, She-Hulk 19, Marvel Comics, pp 14–15.
107Dan Slott (Citation2007) ‘Planet Without a Hulk’ She-Hulk 17, Marvel Comics, p 16.
108Men's sexuality is seen as more ‘natural, acceptable and uncontrollable’. These gendered approaches exhibit themselves within rape myths and stereotypes. This double standard means men who succeed in having sexual relations with multiple women are ‘seen as just that – successful’, whilst women are socially denigrated and known as a ‘skank’: Miller and Marshall (Citation1987); Barash and Lipton (Citation2001), p 145; Milhausen and Herold (Citation2001), p 75; See also Marks and Fraley (Citation2005).
112A paradox that is also recognised in To Kill a Mockingbird’s Atticus Finch, who committed himself to a racist legal system through his devotion to the Constitution: Shaffer (Citation1981), p 224.
113S.H.I.E.L.D. is the Strategic Hazard Intervention Espionage Logistics Directorate, a government-run organisation made up of both superheroes and special forces soldiers tasked with protecting Earth from the threats of supervillains and other-worldly supernaturals: Sanderson (Citation2007), p 62; For an introduction to S.H.I.E.L.D., see Jonathan Hickman (Citation2010–Citation12) S.H.I.E.L.D 1-11, Marvel Comics.
122
X-Men is therefore a liberal comic, ‘stressing cooperation among individuals and minorities rather than conflict, moderation in politics rather than extremism, and the right of each American to social recognition and economic opportunity’: Mondello (Citation1976), p 238.
124As can be seen in telepaths; see X-Men mutants Charles Xavier (Professor X) and Jean Grey.
128David Kraft (Citation1982) ‘Transmutations’ Savage She-Hulk 25, Marvel Comics, p 38.
137Kristeva (Citation1982), p 2; ‘For that which threatens to destroy life also helps to define life’: Creed (Citation1986), p 46.
144For example: threatening witnesses: David Kraft (Citation1979) ‘Deathrace!!’ Savage She-Hulk 2, Marvel Comics; destroying hazardous microwave towers despite legal body ruling against her client's application to have it removed: David Kraft (Citation1981) ‘The Zapping of the She-Hulk’ Savage She-Hulk 16, Marvel Comics.
146A monster struggling to be accepted by law and society.
147‘The process of abjection helped construct what it sought to exclude’: Roberts (Citation2009), p 16.
148A lawyer holds a duty to the court beyond conduct during litigation, including a duty to the administration of justice: r 3, Australian Solicitors Conduct Rules (Citation2012), r 5, Barristers Conduct Rules (Citation2011); see also Cahill v Law Society of New South Wales (Citation1988) 12 NSWLR 1; Rondel v Worsley [Citation1969] 1 AC 191; Richardson v R (Citation1974) 131 CLR 116.
150David Kraft (Citation1981) ‘To Stay the She-Hulk’, Savage She-Hulk 20, Marvel Comics, p 2.
151David Kraft (Citation1979) ‘Deathrace!!’ Savage She-Hulk 2, Marvel Comics, p 18.
152David Kraft (Citation1980) ‘Enter: Iron Man!’ Savage She-Hulk 6, Marvel Comics, p 12.
153David Kraft (Citation1980) ‘The Power of the Word!’ Savage She-Hulk 9, Marvel Comics, p 5.
154David Kraft (Citation1980) ‘Crawler in the Caverns of Doom’ Savage She-Hulk 5, Marvel Comics, p 4.
155
Savage She-Hulk was published from February 1979 to February 1981.
159David Kraft (Citation1980) ‘The Power of the Word!’ Savage She-Hulk 9, Marvel Comics, p 8.
160David Kraft (Citation1980) ‘The Power of the Word!’ Savage She-Hulk 9, Marvel Comics, p 9.
161David Kraft (Citation1980) ‘The Power of the Word!’ Savage She-Hulk 9, Marvel Comics, p 9.
168Law School also plays a role in this normalisation: see Schultz (Citation2003).
172A patriarchal system requires women to adapt to play a role within it. Within these masculinised industries, ‘workers can be required to do gender displays according to scripts that are “masculine”’ Sommerlad (Citation2006); p 177. See Sommerlad and Sanderson (Citation1998); Sommerlad (Citation2002); Hall (Citation1993).
180Spinoza saw God in all things, even disease, famine and filth: Deleuze (Citation1988), p 26.
182This theory can be applied to individual or organisational ethics: Thanem and Wallenberg (Citation2015), p 433.
183Cook (Citation2007), pp 96, 114; ‘We can only think of how to keep from dying, and our whole life is a death worship’: Deleuze (Citation1988), p 26.
186Corporate interest being key to even the fictitious lawyer: Travis and Tranter (Citation2014), pp 28–31.
189This normalisation is a product of both binaries and patriarchal power structures; see Stan Lee and David Kraft (Citation1979–Citation1980) The Savage She-Hulk 1-17, Marvel Comics, for a general display of Buck's ignorance.
192 The role of the lawyer may serve as a barrier to the swift application of justice. As in Dredd, She-Hulk at times applies the law to circumvent the courts and provide swift justice. Like Dredd, She-Hulk is the ‘manifestation of embodied justice’. Unlike Dredd, however, She-Hulk continues to operate within a traditional legal system. She embodies justice by becoming the monstrous advocate. See Travis and Tranter (Citation2014), pp 25–27.
196David Kraft (Citation1981) ‘When Favors Come Due’ Savage She-Hulk 18, Marvel Comics, p 22.
201 Leiter (Citation2005), p 51; ‘Mechanical jurisprudence’ was phrase used by Roscoe Pound in advocating the need for a ‘sociological jurisprudence’ to attack the rules-based, bureaucratised formalist view of the law: Pound (Citation1908). This served as the ‘first step towards a realistic jurisprudence in America’: Bechtler (Citation1977), p 12.
205David Kraft (Citation1981) ‘When Favors Come Due’, Savage She-Hulk 18, Marvel Comics, p 22.
206‘The life of law has not been logic; it has been experience’: Holmes (Citation1881), p 1.
208David Kraft (Citation1981) ‘When Favors Come Due’ Savage She-Hulk 18, Marvel Comics, p 5.
209David Kraft (Citation1981) ‘When Favors Come Due’ Savage She-Hulk 18, Marvel Comics, p 22.
210David Kraft (Citation1981) ‘To Stay the She-Hulk’ Savage She-Hulk 20, Marvel Comics, p 7.
211David Kraft (Citation1981) ‘To Stay the She-Hulk’ Savage She-Hulk 20, Marvel Comics, p 8.
212David Kraft (Citation1981) ‘To Stay the She-Hulk’ Savage She-Hulk 20, Marvel Comics, p 9.
213 David Kraft (Citation1981) ‘Reason and Rage’ Savage She-Hulk 12, Marvel Comics, p 8.
216David Kraft (Citation1981) ‘To Stay the She-Hulk’ Savage She-Hulk 20, Marvel Comics, p 9.
219Joe Quesada (Citation2006) ‘Civil War: Part One’ Civil War 1, Marvel Comics.
220Joe Quesada (Citation2006) ‘Civil War: Part One’ Civil War 1, Marvel Comics.
221Dan Slott (Citation2006) ‘Civil Union’ She-Hulk 8, Marvel Comics.
222Dan Slott (Citation2006) ‘Civil Union’ She-Hulk 8, Marvel Comics.
225John Byrne (Citation1992) ‘Cognito’ Sensational She-Hulk 44, Marvel Comics, p 27.
226David Kraft (Citation1981) ‘To Stay the She-Hulk’ Savage She-Hulk 20, Marvel Comics, p 21.
227David Kraft (Citation1981) ‘Through the Crystal!’ Savage She-Hulk 13, Marvel Comics, p 3.
228David Kraft (Citation1981) ‘Through the Crystal!’ Savage She-Hulk 13, Marvel Comics, p 2.
230David Kraft (Citation1981) ‘When Favors Come Due’ Savage She-Hulk 18, Marvel Comics, p 22.
231David Kraft (Citation1979) ‘Deathrace!!’ Savage She-Hulk 2, Marvel Comics, p 4.
232David Kraft (Citation1981) ‘When Favors Come Due’ Savage She-Hulk 18, Marvel Comics, p 21.
233David Kraft (Citation1981) ‘Reason and Rage’ Savage She-Hulk 12, Marvel Comics, p 4.
234David Kraft (Citation1981) ‘Make Way for the Man-Elephant!’ Savage She-Hulk 17, Marvel Comics, p 9.
235David Kraft (Citation1979) ‘Deathrace!!’ Savage She-Hulk 2, Marvel Comics, p 18.
239David Kraft (Citation1981) ‘Through the Crystal!’ Savage She-Hulk 13, Marvel Comics, p 2.
240David Kraft (Citation1980) ‘The She-Hulk Strikes Back!’ Savage She-Hulk 4, Marvel Comics.
241Dan Slott (Citation2005) ‘Time of Her Life’ She-Hulk 5, Marvel Comics.
242David Kraft (Citation1981) ‘To Stay the She-Hulk’ Savage She-Hulk 20, Marvel Comics, p 2.
243She-Hulk sends him hurtling towards the centre of the Earth in an obnoxiously large mechanised snake in David Kraft (Citation1980) ‘The She-Hulk Strikes Back!’ Savage She-Hulk 4, Marvel Comics.
244Stan Lee (Citation1964) ‘The Origin of Daredevil’ Daredevil 1, Marvel Comics.
247John Byrne (Citation1989) ‘The World's Greatest Detective!’, The Sensational She-Hulk 8, Marvel Comics, p 14; see also Lisk (Citation2014).
248David Kraft (Citation1980) ‘Enter: Iron Man!’ Savage She-Hulk 6, Marvel Comics, p 13.
257As shown in John Byrne (Citation1989) ‘The World's Greatest Detective!’, The Sensational She-Hulk 8, Marvel Comics, p 14.
258David Kraft (Citation1981) ‘The Zapping of the She-Hulk’ Savage She-Hulk 16, Marvel Comics.
259David Kraft (Citation1980) ‘War of the Word!’ Savage She-Hulk 10, Marvel Comics, p 16.
260David Kraft (Citation1981) ‘Designer Genes!’ Savage She-Hulk 19, Marvel Comics, p 19.
261David Kraft (Citation1981) ‘To Stay the She-Hulk’ Savage She-Hulk 20, Marvel Comics.
262John Byrne (Citation1989) ‘The World's Greatest Detective!’ The Sensational She-Hulk 8, Marvel Comics, p 5.
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