Borax: An Environmentally Clean Catalyst for the Synthesize of Pyrano[2,3-c]Pyrazoles and Xanthene-1,8-Diones in H₂O

Abstract

A rapid and green procedure has been introduced for the preparation of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole and xanthene-1,8-dione derivatives in the presence of a natural catalyst in aqueous medium. Sodium tetraborate pentahydrate was found as a nontoxic or minimally toxic, readily available, cheap, and ecologically favorable agent catalyst for the synthesis of these important heterocyclic compounds. The introduced method offers some advantages such as high efficiency, an inexpensive and easy-to-handle catalyst, avoidance of organic solvents, and simple work-up that they are consistent with green chemistry.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords:

• Aqueous medium
• bifunctional catalyst
• borax
• green catalyst
• pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles
• xanthene-1,8-diones

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Research Council of Yazd University for the financial support.

Disclosure statement

There are no conflicts of interest.