Gallium Oxide (Ga₂O₃): An Efficient Heterogeneous Nanocatalyst for One Pot, Multi-Component Synthesis of Polyhydroquinolines

Abstract

A novel, facial, highly effective gallium oxide (Ga₂O₃) nanocatalyst was synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) analysis. The resulting gallium oxide (Ga₂O₃) nanomaterial has been successfully used as a catalyst for condensation of various aldehydes, dimedone, ammonium acetate, and ethyl acetoacetate under ethanol condition to yield polyhydroquinoline derivatives via a one-pot four-component Hantzsch condensation reaction. The products were investigated by IR, NMR, and mass spectral techniques. The desired catalyst was recycled and reused without any considerable changes in the yield.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords:

• Gallium oxide (Ga₂O₃) nanocatalyst
• polyhydroquinolines
• Hantzsch condensation

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to Management and Principal (P. V. P. College, Pravaranagar) for providing all necessary facilities and constant encouragement. We are also thankful to SAIF, Punjab University, Chandigarh for providing all required spectral analysis facilities. The special thanks to Dr. A. V. Borhade for his moral support.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.