Rapid and Highly Efficient Solid-Phase Microextraction Based on in Situ Derivation of Robust Carbonaceous Nanostrips on Anodized Titanium Fiber for Sensitive Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Environmental Water

Abstract

With titanium wire as a titanium source and a fiber substrate, titania nanostrips (TiO₂NSs) were in situ grown on the fiber surface by electrochemical anodization and used as supporting templates for subsequent uniform deposition of polar glucose via hydrothermal reaction. After annealing, controllable in situ derivation of TiO₂NSs-templated carbonaceous coating (TiO₂@CNSs) was achieved on the Ti fiber substrate. Coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection, the extraction performance was investigated using representative aromatic compounds as model analytes and compared with those of commercially available fibers. The results demonstrated that the Ti@TiO₂@CNSs fiber exhibited good extraction selectivity for PAHs, especially for high-molecular-weight PAHs. For this purpose, the key parameters affecting extraction efficiency of PAHs were optimized. Under optimized conditions, linearity was shown in the ranges of 0.02–200 μg·L⁻¹ with the correlation coefficients of greater than 0.999. Limits of detection were 0.005–0.056 μg·L⁻¹. The intra-day and inter-day repeatability of the proposed method with the single fiber varied from 2.06% to 3.99% and from 2.85% to 5.17%, respectively. The fiber-to-fiber reproducibility ranged from 2.86% to 5.21%. The proposed method was successfully applied to selective preconcentration and sensitive determination of target PAHs in real water samples. Moreover, this fiber has a long service time.

Keywords:

• Carbonaceous nanostrips
• solid-phase microextraction
• polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
• anodization
• annealing

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 21765020).