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Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications
An International Journal of Computation and Methodology
Volume 71, 2017 - Issue 7
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Original Articles

Inverse design of an indoor environment using a CFD-based adjoint method with the adaptive step size for adjusting the design parameters

, , , &
Pages 707-720 | Received 13 Dec 2016, Accepted 03 Mar 2017, Published online: 10 May 2017
 

ABSTRACT

The step size used in the computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based adjoint method has a significant effect on computing time. The constant step size usually used is obtained through a time-consuming trial-and-error process. This study used an adaptive step size for adjusting the design parameters in the CFD-based adjoint method. To validate the performance of the CFD-based adjoint method with the adaptive step size, this investigation evaluated three different inverse design cases with mixed convection flow. Our results confirmed that the adaptive step size is computationally efficient and can be used for the inverse design of an indoor environment.

Nomenclature

A=

source item in the adjoint momentum equations

B=

source item in the adjoint energy equation

D (V)=

rate of strain tensor

g=

gravity vector

J=

objective function

Jk − 1, Jk, Jk + 1=

objective function at previous, current, and succeeding design cycles, respectively

K=

Lipschitz constant

L=

augmented objective function

N=

incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in vector form

N1=

continuity equation

N2, N3, N4=

momentum equations

N5=

energy equation

p=

air pressure

Pa=

adjoint pressure

T=

air temperature

T0=

desired air temperature on a design domain

Ta=

adjoint temperature

Tf=

floor temperature

Tinlet=

inlet air temperature

Tmax, Tmin=

maximum and minimum temperatures of the experimental boundary condition, respectively

Top=

operating air temperature

Tr=

roof temperature

Tw=

wall temperature

V=

air velocity

V0=

desired air velocity on a design domain

Va=

adjoint velocity

Vinlet=

inlet air velocity

Vx, inlet, Vy, inlet, Vz, inlet=

inlet air velocities in the x, y, and z directions, respectively

α, β=

weighting factors

γ=

air thermal expansion coefficient

δ=

small constant set by the designer

Θ=

design domain

κ=

effective thermal conductivity

λ=

step size

λk=

step size in the kth design cycle

Λ=

local Lipschitz constant

Λk=

local Lipschitz constant in the kth design cycle

ν=

effective viscosity

ξ=

design parameters

ξk−1, ξk, ξk+1=

design parameters at the previous, current, and succeeding design cycles, respectively

Subscripts=
0=

design domain

1=

continuity equation

2, 3, 4=

momentum equations

5=

energy equation

a=

adjoint method

fl=

floor

inlet=

inlet boundary condition

k − 1, k, k + 1=

previous, current, and succeeding design cycles, respectively

max=

maximum

min=

minimum

op=

operate

r=

roof

w=

wall

x, inlet=

x direction of the inlet boundary condition

y, inlet=

y direction of the inlet boundary condition

z, inlet=

z direction of the inlet boundary condition

Nomenclature

A=

source item in the adjoint momentum equations

B=

source item in the adjoint energy equation

D (V)=

rate of strain tensor

g=

gravity vector

J=

objective function

Jk − 1, Jk, Jk + 1=

objective function at previous, current, and succeeding design cycles, respectively

K=

Lipschitz constant

L=

augmented objective function

N=

incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in vector form

N1=

continuity equation

N2, N3, N4=

momentum equations

N5=

energy equation

p=

air pressure

Pa=

adjoint pressure

T=

air temperature

T0=

desired air temperature on a design domain

Ta=

adjoint temperature

Tf=

floor temperature

Tinlet=

inlet air temperature

Tmax, Tmin=

maximum and minimum temperatures of the experimental boundary condition, respectively

Top=

operating air temperature

Tr=

roof temperature

Tw=

wall temperature

V=

air velocity

V0=

desired air velocity on a design domain

Va=

adjoint velocity

Vinlet=

inlet air velocity

Vx, inlet, Vy, inlet, Vz, inlet=

inlet air velocities in the x, y, and z directions, respectively

α, β=

weighting factors

γ=

air thermal expansion coefficient

δ=

small constant set by the designer

Θ=

design domain

κ=

effective thermal conductivity

λ=

step size

λk=

step size in the kth design cycle

Λ=

local Lipschitz constant

Λk=

local Lipschitz constant in the kth design cycle

ν=

effective viscosity

ξ=

design parameters

ξk−1, ξk, ξk+1=

design parameters at the previous, current, and succeeding design cycles, respectively

Subscripts=
0=

design domain

1=

continuity equation

2, 3, 4=

momentum equations

5=

energy equation

a=

adjoint method

fl=

floor

inlet=

inlet boundary condition

k − 1, k, k + 1=

previous, current, and succeeding design cycles, respectively

max=

maximum

min=

minimum

op=

operate

r=

roof

w=

wall

x, inlet=

x direction of the inlet boundary condition

y, inlet=

y direction of the inlet boundary condition

z, inlet=

z direction of the inlet boundary condition

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