Graphene-Based Materials as Solid Phase Extraction Sorbent for Trace Metal Ions, Organic Compounds, and Biological Sample Preparation

ABSTRACT

Graphene is a new carbon-based material that is of interest in separation science. Graphene has extraordinary properties including nano size, high surface area, thermal and chemical stability, and excellent adsorption affinity to pollutants. Its adsorption mechanisms are through non-covalent interactions (π-π stacking, electrostatic interactions, and H-bonding) for organic compounds and covalent interactions for metal ions. These properties have led to graphene-based material becoming a desirable adsorbent in a popular sample preparation technique known as solid phase extraction (SPE). Numerous studies have been published on graphene applications in recent years, but few review papers have focused on its applications in analytical chemistry. This article focuses on recent preconcentration of trace elements, organic compounds, and biological species using SPE-based graphene, graphene oxide, and their modified forms. Solid phase microextraction and micro SPE (µSPE) methods based on graphene are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

• Biological sample preparation
• graphene
• magnetic solid phase extraction
• metal ions
• organic pollutant
• sample preparation

Abbreviations

CNT	=	carbon nanotube
DSPE	=	dispersive solid phase extraction
EF	=	enrichment factor
FAAS	=	flame atomic absorption spectroscopy
GC	=	gas chromatography
GC-FID	=	GC with flame ionization detector
GC-MS	=	GC with mass spectrometry detector
GO	=	graphene oxide
HPLC	=	high-performance liquid chromatography
ICP-MS	=	inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry
LOD	=	limit of detection
MNP	=	magnetic nanoparticle
MRL	=	maximum residual level
MSPE	=	magnetic solid phase extraction
MWCNT	=	multiwall carbon nanotube
µSPE	=	micro solid phase extraction
PAH	=	polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
SPE	=	solid phase extraction
SPME	=	solid phase microextraction
VOC	=	volatile organic compound