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ABSTRACT
Recent advances in analysis of precursors, simulants and degradation products of chemical warfare agents (CWA) are reviewed. Fast and reliable analysis of precursors, simulants and CWA degradation products is extremely important at a time, when more and more terrorist groups and radical non-state organizations use or plan to use chemical weapons to achieve their own psychological, political and military goals. The review covers the open source literature analysis after the time, when the chemical weapons convention had come into force (1997). The authors stated that during last 15 years increased number of laboratories are focused not only on trace analysis of CWA (mostly nerve and blister agents) in environmental and biological samples, but the growing number of research are devoted to instrumental analysis of precursors and degradation products of these substances. The identification of low-level concentration of CWA degradation products is often more important and difficult than the original CWA, because of lower level of concentration and a very large number of compounds present in environmental and biological samples. Many of them are hydrolysis products and are present in samples in the ionic form. For this reason, two or three instrumental methods are used to perform a reliable analysis of these substances.
Abbreviations
| AMPAs | = | alkyl methylphosphonic acids |
| BA | = | benzilic acid |
| CEES, 2-CEES | = | 2-chloroethylethyl sulfide |
| CEESO | = | 2-chloroethylethyl sulfide sulphone |
| CEESO2 | = | 2-chloroethylethyl sulfide sulphoxid |
| CEPS | = | 2-chloroethylphenyl sulfide |
| DCE | = | dichloroethane/1,2-dichloroethane |
| DCHMP | = | dicyclohexyl methylphosphonate |
| DCM | = | dichloromethane |
| DCNP | = | diethylcyanophosphonate |
| DCP | = | diethylchlorophosphate |
| DEAE | = | N,N-diethylaminoethanol |
| DEClP | = | diethylchlorophosphate |
| DECP | = | diethylcyanophosphonate |
| DEEP | = | diethylethylphosphonate/O,O-diethylethylphosphonate |
| DEHP | = | diethyl phosphite |
| DEM | = | diethyl malonate |
| Demeton-S | = | S-2-ethylthioethyl-O,O-dimethyl phosphorothioate |
| DEMP | = | diethylmethylphosphonate |
| DEMTMP | = | mdiethylmethylthiomethylphosphonate |
| DEP | = | diethyl phosphonate (diethyl phthalate) |
| DEP | = | diethyl phthalate |
| DEPA | = | diethyl phosphoramidate |
| DEPA | = | diethyl phosphoramidate |
| DEPP | = | O,O-diethyl propylphosphonate |
| DES | = | diethyl sulfide |
| DF | = | methylphosphonodifluoride |
| DFP | = | diisopropylaminoethanol |
| DHMP | = | O,O-dihexyl methylphosphonate |
| DIAE | = | N,N-diisopropylaminoethanol |
| DIMP | = | diisopropyl methylphosphonate/O,O-diisopropyl methylphosphonate |
| DIPAE | = | diisoprpylaminoethanol/N,N-diisopropylaminoethanol |
| DMA | = | dimethylmethylacetamide/N,N-dimethylmethylacetamide |
| DMAE | = | N,N -dimethylaminoethanol |
| DMCP | = | dimethylchlorophosphate |
| DMDPPA | = | O,O-dimethyl N,N-dipropyl phosphoramidate |
| DMEP | = | dimethylethyl phosphonate |
| DMMP | = | dimethylmethylphosphonate |
| DMP | = | dimethylphosphonate |
| DPCP | = | diphenyl chlorophosphate |
| DPGMME | = | di(propyleneglycol) monomethyl ether |
| DS | = | dipropyl sulfide |
| DT | = | 1,4-dithiane |
| EDEA | = | ethyldiethanolamine/N,N-diethyletanolamin |
| EEA | = | ethyl etanoloamine |
| EHDMAP | = | ethylhydrogen dimethylphosphonate |
| EHEP | = | ethylhydrogen ethylphosphonate |
| EHES | = | ethyl 2-hydroxyethyl sulphide |
| EMPA | = | ethylmethylphosphonic acid/ethylmethylphosphonate |
| EMPP | = | ethyl methylphosphonate |
| GA | = | tabun |
| GB | = | sarin |
| GD | = | soman |
| HEES, 2-HEES | = | 2-hydroxyethylethyl sulphide |
| IBMPA | = | izobutyl methylphosphonic acid |
| IEPA | = | izopropyl ethylphosphonic acid |
| IHEP | = | izopropyl hydrogen ethylphosphonate |
| IMPA | = | isopropyl methylphosphonic acid/isopropyl methylphosphonate |
| MDA | = | N-methyldiethanolamine |
| MDCP | = | methyl dichlorophosphate |
| MDEA | = | N-methyldiethanolamine |
| ME/MeS | = | 2-mercaptoethanol |
| MEA | = | methyl etanoloamine |
| MPA | = | methylphosphonic acid/methyl phosphonate |
| MS | = | methyl salicylate |
| N | = | N-dialkylethanolamines |
| NBA | = | nbutylamine |
| NM | = | nitrogen mustard |
| NMP1 | = | N-methyldiethanolamine |
| NMP2 | = | N-ethyldiethanolamine |
| NMP3 | = | Triethanolamine |
| NMPs | = | precursors of nitrogen-mustard |
| nPPA/nPrPA/PPA | = | n-propylphosphonic acid |
| OTDG | = | Bis(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)ether (oxygen mustard diol) |
| PECES | = | 2-phenethyl 2-chloroethyl sulfide |
| PMP | = | pinacolyl methylphosphonate |
| PMPA | = | pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid |
| PTI | = | para-tolyl isocyanate |
| QOH | = | 1,2-bis(2-hydroxyethylthio)ethane |
| REA | = | N-(2-chloroethyldiethyl) ammonium chloride |
| SM | = | sulfur mustard |
| SMP1 | = | bis(2-hydroxyethyl)sulfide |
| SPM2 | = | bis(2-hydroxyethylthio)ethane |
| SPM3 | = | bis(2-hydroxyethythiolethyl) ether |
| SPMs | = | precursors of sulfur-mustards |
| TBP | = | tributyl phosphate |
| TDG | = | thiodiglycol / bis(2-hydroxyethyl)sulfide |
| TDGO | = | thiodiglycol sulphoxide |
| TDS | = | thiodiglycol sulfoxide |
| TEA | = | triethanolamine |
| TEP | = | triethyl phosphate |
| TEPO | = | triethylphosphate |
| TFA | = | trifluoroacetic acid |
| TMBD | = | N,N,N’,N’-tertramethyl-1,3-butanediamine |
| TMP / TMPO | = | trimethyl phosphate |
| TOH | = | bis(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)ether |
| TPA | = | tripropylamine |
| TPP | = | tripropyl phosphate |
| TIPP | = | triisopropyl phosphite |
| TX | = | 1,4-thioxane |
| VO | = | 2-diisopropylaminoethyl |
Funding
This research work was founded by the statutory activity subsidy from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education for the Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry of Military University of Technology (project PBS 656/WAT).