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Review Article

Progress in Pretreatment and Analysis of Cephalosporins: An Update Since 2005

ORCID Icon, , , , &
Pages 55-86 | Published online: 24 Oct 2019
 

Abstract

Cephalosporins, one of the classic β-lactam antibiotics, has been widely concerned by global population as the most commonly used broad-spectrum antibiotic. Serious health hazards are possible to be posed by quality control problems caused by its unstable structure, as well as food and environmental pollution introduced by improper use. Given the reasons above, the sensitive and valid methods for monitor and determination of cephalosporins in different matrices are urgently required. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the current status of the pretreatment and analysis methods of cephalosporins in bulk drug, pharmaceutics, animal-derived foodstuffs including eggs, milk, meat, environment samples, and biological samples. Pretreatment methods including simple steps (protein precipitation, centrifugation, filtration), liquid-liquid extraction, solid phase extraction, QuECHERS, and detection methods covering LC, LC-MS/MS, voltammetric sensor, capillary electrophoresis spectroscopy, biological methods from January 2005 to October 2018 are updated, elaborated and compared here. Moreover, advanced materials and prospects for development are discussed.

    Highlights

  1. Determination of cephalosporins in different newly found matrix are represented.

  2. Comparisons between different mass analyzers and progress in HRMS methods are in detailed.

  3. Optimization of experimental conditions are discussed.

  4. Newly emerged eco-friendly methods are introduced.

Graphic Abstract

Abbreviation

Cefazolin=

CFL

Cefadroxil=

CFR

Cephalexin=

CFX

Cefoperazone=

CFP

Cloxacillin=

CLO

Cefixime=

CFM

Cephalothin=

CET

Ceftriaxone=

CRT

Cephazolin=

ZOL

Cefotaxime=

CTX

Cefdinir=

CDR

Cephapirin=

CP

Cefquinome=

QUI

Cefuroxime=

CXM

Cefoxitin=

FOX

Ceftiofur=

CFTF

Cefaclor=

CEFA

Cefalexin=

CEF

Ceftazidime=

CEFT

Cefepime=

FEP

Cefradine=

RAD

Cefalonium=

LON

Cefthiofur=

THIO

Ceftizoxime=

ZOX

Desacetylcefotaxime=

DCTX

P.A.=

P.aeruginosa

A.C.=

Anaerobic cocci

MRSA=

methicillin-resistant S. aureus

SA=

Staphylococcus

Carbon paste electrode=

CPE

Glassy carbon electrode=

GCE

TIC=

Total iron current

EIC=

Extract iron current

MRM=

Multiple reaction monitoring

DIA=

Data-independent acquision.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the PUMC Fund of the Funds for the Central Universities (NO. 3332018073), CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS) (NO. 2016-I2M-1-001), Key Program of the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province of China (NO. 20170541027), Liaoning Planning Program of Philosophy and Social Science (NO. L17BGL034), Research Program on the Reform of Undergraduate Teaching in General Higher Schools in Liaoning (NO. 2016-346), and China Medical University Philosophy and Social Science Promotion Plan (2018).

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