Electrochemical Sensing Systems for the Analysis of Catechol and Hydroquinone in the Aquatic Environments: A Critical Review

Abstract

Because of their unique physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, conductive nanomaterials have a lot of potential for applications in materials science, energy storage, environmental science, biomedicine, sensors/biosensors, and other fields. Recent breakthroughs in the manufacture of carbon materials, conductive polymers, metals, and metal oxide nanoparticles based electrochemical sensors and biosensors for applications in environmental monitoring by detection of catechol (CC) and hydroquinone (HQ) are presented in this review. To achieve this goal, we first introduced recent works that discuss the effects of phenolic compounds and the need for accurate, inexpensive, and quick monitoring, and then we focused on the use of the most important applications of nanomaterials, such as carbon-based materials, metals, and metal oxides nanoparticles, and conductive polymers, to develop sensors to monitor catechol and hydroquinone. Finally, we identified challenges and limits in the field of sensors and biosensors, as well as possibilities and recommendations for developing the field for better future applications. Meanwhile, electrochemical sensors and biosensors for catechol and hydroquinone measurement and monitoring were highlighted and discussed particularly. This review, we feel, will aid in the promotion of nanomaterials for the development of innovative electrical sensors and nanodevices for environmental monitoring.

Graphical Abstract

Research Highlights

• The most commonly used procedures to prepare electroechemical sensors for catechol and hydroquinone monitoring are described.

• The electroanalytical techniques have been compared and evaluated.

• The essential carbon based materials used to fabricate sensitive and selective electrodes are discussed.

• Prominent applications of nanomaterials combinations for electrochemical sensors are presented.

• The potential of novel green synthesis procedures for the future development of electrochemical sensors is outlined.

Keywords:

• Biological component
• electroanalytical performance
• electrochemical sensors
• electrochemical techniques
• electrode fouling
• immobilization techniques
• phenolic compounds monitoring

Declaration of interests

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.