A Review of the Analysis of Phthalates by Gas Chromatography in Aqueous and Food Matrices

Abstract

As a commonly well-known industrial chemical, phthalates are produced in high volumes to be used in various consumer products (e.g., plasticizers, medical devices, construction materials, and toys) to enhance softness, durability, transparency, and flexibility. Phthalates are generally not chemically bonded to the polymer chain of the plastic in which they are mixed. Thus, they may leach, migrate, or evaporate into indoor/outdoor air, and foodstuffs. In this review, a comprehensive overview of several sample preparation methods coupled with gas chromatography for the analysis of phthalates in various kinds of complex matrices, with a focus on the last 20 years’ worth of papers. The review begins by highlighting the environmental significance of phthalate pollution along with the various routes to their exposure to general population. Then, the discussion is extended to cover the pretreatment and extraction techniques for phthalates for their quantitation based on gas chromatographic approach. Finally, the present and future challenges for the detection of phthalates in aqueous and food matrices are discussed.

Keywords:

• Endocrine disrupting compounds
• food matrices
• gas chromatography
• phthalates
• sample pretreatment techniques

Disclosure statement

The authors report there are no competing interests to declare.

Additional information

Funding

IM acknowledges the UGC-D. S. Kothari Post-Doctoral Fellowship scheme (No.F.4-2/2006 (BSR)/CH/20-21/0257) for providing financial support.