Recent Advances in Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction for Pharmaceutical Analysis

Abstract

Sample clean-up and pre-concentration are critical components of pharmaceutical analysis. The dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) technique is widely recognized as the most effective approach for enhancing overall detection sensitivity. While various DLLME modes have been advanced in pharmaceutical analysis, there need to be more discussions on pre-concentration techniques specifically developed for this field. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the different DLLME modes used in pharmaceutical analysis from 2017 to May 2023. The review covers the principles of DLLME, the factors affecting microextraction, the selected applications of different DLLME modes, and their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, it focuses on multi-extraction strategies employed for pharmaceutical analysis.

Keywords:

• DLLME
• preconcentration
• sample pretreatment
• pharmaceuticals

Disclosure statement

The authors report there are no competing interests to declare.

Data availability statement

There are no data association with this publication.

Additional information

Funding

The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia for financial support through LRGS-JGU grant (LRGS/1/2021/STG04/UTM/02/2) and UTM Zamalah scholarship to KTSJ.